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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

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3 

ESTABLISHED IN 1S25. 

PREMIUM STATIONERY, &c. 

THADDEUS DAVIDS, 

Manufacturer and Importer of Station- 
ery, &c., &c., 112 John St., (nearly op- 
posite Cliff) New- York. 

Sealing-Wax in all its varieties, colors, 
qualities, and prices. 10,000 pounds on hand, 
from 6 cts to $1 per pound. 

Wafers. — Scarlet red, and fancy colored, 
every size, various qualities and prices. 10,000 
pounds on hand, from 7^ cents to 50 cents per 
pound. 

Black, Blue,Red, Japan, and Copying Imk, 
made expressly for the Steel Pen, and warrant- 
ed, in 1,2, 4, 6, and 8 ounces, pints and quarts, 
or by the barrel. 500 gross on hand. 

Indelible Ink, with and without a prepara- 
tion, a very superior article in elegant cases, 
■warranted. 250 gross now ready for the trade. 

Transparent, Colorless French Spirit 
Varnish, for varnishing Maps, Pictures, Trans- 
parencies, Window Shades, fine light colored 
woods, and for transferring prints, &c., the very 
best article in the United States. 

Bleached Shellac, perfectly white for hat- 
ters' and other uses. 

Silver Medal awarded to Thaddeus Davids, 



by the Mechanics'' Institute^ for a Writing 
Fluid Ink, the best known, 1836. 

Silver Medal^ awarded to Thaddeus Davids, 
by the American Institute^ for the best speci- 
mens of Skaling-VVax, Wafers, Black and 
Red Writing Fluid Ink. 

Diploma^ awarded to Thaddeus Davids, by 
the American Ins/itule, for the best specimens of 
Indelible Ink, 1837. 

The subscriber takes this method of inform- 
ing the trade, that having been a practical man- 
ufiicturer for the last twenty-one years, of the 
above articles, his attention has been sedulously 
directed to the greatest possible excellence of 
quality, in all that he has made. In conse- 
quence, the articles have borne the highest repu- 
tation of any in the country. They have been 
and are now used by Congress, in most of the 
National and State Public Offices, and by Mer- 
chants and extensive dealers all over the Union, 
and they have taken the First Premiums, (Sil- 
ver Medals) at the Fair of the American and the 
Mechanics' Institute, in New- York. Testimo- 
nials have been received from almost every 
quarter, attesting their superiority, and the 
manufacturer is proud to acknowledge that a 
discerning public has paid the most gratifying 
tribute to his exertions, by a demand for his ar- 
ticles far exceeding his highest expectations. 
All that industry and perseverance can accom- 
plish, he promises to those who may confide 
their orders to him. 

THADDEUS DAVIDS. 



SILAS F. AMES. 

Dealer in Sperm, Whale, Lard, Tanners, 

Linseed and Cod Oils. 

Also — Sperm, Tallow and Lard Candles ; 

Paints, Glass, Putty ; Cocoa and 

Chocolate ; Wicking, &c. 

No. 52 Water-street, New York. 



CHARLES B. HATCH, 

No. 97 William- street, 

' (Opposite Platt-street,) 

New York. 

Manufacturer of Stocks, Shirts, Bosoms, Collars, 
Oiled Silks, Dressing robes, &c., and importer of Cra- 
vats, Scarfs, Gloves, Suspenders, Under garments. 
Hosiery, &c. 

1* 



1 



A. B. TAYLOR'S 

PRINTERS' & BINDERS' DEPOT. 

No. 3, 5, & 7 Hague street, (Near Franklin square.) 



This Book is printed on 
TAYLOR'S CYLINDER 
PRESS. 




The Subscriber continues to manufacture his Double 
and Single Cylinder Power Presses, with his Patent 
Atmospheric Springs. Also an improved bed and 
platin Power Press, Hand Presses, Eiitbossing Presses, 
Hand and Steam Roller-Boys. Steam Engines and 
Boilers, and Machinery of every description v made to 
order, and every article furnished at short notice for a 
complete Printing Office and Bmdery. 




' Having lately purchased the patent for the Eagle 
Wrench, I now offer them for sale, at reduced prices. 
It is manufactured of refined wrought ♦Jron, and case 
hardened. This Wrench is far superior to any other 
ever offered to the public. 



WILLIAM H. COLYER, 
PRINTER AND PUBLIS^HER 

Nos. 5 & 7 Hague-stree t 
New York. 



JOHN W. CONKLIN & CO. 
DRAPERS AND TAILORS 



No. 134 Eighth Avenue. 



New York. 

A Large and General Assortment of Ready Made 
Clothing constantly on hand. * 



ASTOR HOUSE. 

The apartments devoted to families exclu- 
sively, are spacious and elegant. 

PRICES. 

Ladies' Ordinary - - ^2 per day 

Gentlemen's Ordinary - 2 per day 

Private Parlors, or Suites of Rooms, with pri- 
vate meals - $3 per day each person 
Parlors extra. 

The charges at this Hotel are regular, and no 
higher than at other first rate Hotels. 

HOURS FOR MEALS, 

Breakfast in Ladies' and Gentlemen's Ordina- 
ries - - - - 8 o'clock 
Dinner in Ladies' Ordinary - 3 " 
Dinner in Gentlemen's Ordinary 3i " 
Tea, from - - - - 6 to 9" " 
Supper, from - - 9 to 12 " 

These are the regular hours ; but if it suits 
the interest or convenience of our patrons, we 
provide breakfast at any moment, between day- 
light and dinner time. Dinners for one or 
more, at any hour. In short, we take pleasure 
in providing for the wants of our patrons, re- 
gardless of the hour or our own convenience, 
without extra charge. 

Grateful for the liberal patronage which has 
been given to our establishment, we pledge our- 
selves to keep it ever in order. We shall en- 



deavor, without ceasing, to render everything 
agreeable to our guests, and respectfully request 
them to give notice of any negligence. 

COLEMAN & STETSON. 



GOULD'S SALOON, 

No. 10 Fultoii-St. New York 

DINNER. 



Boast Beef 


6d 


Fried Oysters ls6d 


Boiled Turkey 




Roast Veal 


6d 


Stewed Oysters Is 


oyster Sauce | 


Is 


Roast Lamb 


6d 


Mountain Oysters 


Oyster Pie 


is 


Roast Pork 


6d 


Corned Beef 6d 


Fresh Salmon 


is 


Beef Tongue 


6d 


Corned Pork 6d 


Boiled Ham 


6d 


Roast Turkey 


Is 


Pork and Beans 6d 


Corned Ham 


6d 


Roast Goose 


Is 


Beef Soup 6d 


Boiled Fish 


6d 


Roast Chicken 


Is 


Mutton Soup 6d 


Meat Pie 


6d 


Roast Duck 


Is 


Chicken Soup 6d 


Veal Pie 


6d 


Chicken Pie 


is 1 


Green Turtle Soup 


Lamb Pie 


6d 


Chicken Fricasee Is 


Boiled Mutton, 6d 


Clam Pie 


6d 


Ham and Eggs 


IsSdl 


Caper Sauce Is 


Extra Bread &' 




Sirloin Steak 


is 1 


Boiled Lobster Is 


Butter or Veget.,3d 






DESSERT. 






Plum Pudding 


6d 


Apple Dumplings 6d 


Rhubarb Pie 


6d 


Indian do 


6d 


Apple Pie 6d 


Whortleberry '= 


6d 


Bread do 


6d 


Mince " 6d 


Current " 


6d 


Suet do 


6d 


Peach " 6d 


Cup Custard 


6d 


Rice do 


6d 


Plum " 6d 


Mush & Milk 


9d 


Tapioca do 


6d 


Custard " 6d 


Rice and Milk 


9d 


Strawberry do 


6d 


Gooseberry " 6d 


Bread Sc Milk 


6(1 


BREJ 


LKFAST AND 


TEA. 




Beef steak 


6d 


Fried Shad 6d 


Broiled Mackerel 6d 


Veal Cutlet 


6d 


Fish Balls 6d 


Buckwh. Cakes 


6d 


Mutton Chops 


6d 


Stewed Oysters Is 


Toast 


6d 


Ham St Eggs 


Is 


Fried Oysters ls6d 


Hot Muffins 


6d 


Fried Tripe 


6d 


Soused Salmon 6d 


Hot Rolls 


6d 


Fried Sausages 


6i 


Hash 6d 


Hot Corn Bread 


3d 


Fried Fish 


6d 


Indian Cakes 6d 


Tea or Coffee 


3d 


Fried Clams 


6d 


Boiled Eggs 6d 


Extra Bread ; 


3d 


Fried Liyer 


6d 


Fried Eggs 6d 


Indian Bread ^^ 


3d 



BOARD AND LODGING. 



CITY HOTEL, NEW YORK. 

The Subscriber has renewed his lease of the 
above house, which has been refitted and fur- 
nished in superior style. The whole exterior 
and interior have been painted throughout. 
The Ladies' apartments are materially improved, 
by widening the stairs and passages, inserting 
closets, having the halls warmed by furnaces, 
and the assembly room converted into several 
suites of rooms for families, and a spacious La- 
dies' dining room. The public dining room is 
greatly improved, by a dome designed to in- 
crease light and ventilation, and other beneficial 
alterations. Many of the walls and ceilings 
have been renewed, and beautifully decorated 
marble mantels put up throughout the house, 
and the Croton water is introduced on every 
floor of the establishment. The house will be 
amply provided with every requisite, the busi- 
ness will be conducted in the most liberal man- 
ner, and the Subscriber and Mr. WILLARD 
who will be associated with him, respectfully 
solicit the patronage of their o}d friends and the 
public. 

CHESTER JENINGS. 

New York, April, 1846. 



a 
JUDSON'S HOTEL, 

No. 84 Broadvi^ay, Neiv York. 

This new and splendid hotel is now open and 
in successful operation. Its location is unsur- 
passed, its rooms are spacious and airy. It has 
been furnished without reference to expense, the 
convenience of guests only having been consult- 
ed. It is in the immediate vicinity of the busi- 
ness part of the city, and within five minutes 
■walk of the Eastern, Western and Southern 
Depots. 

Convenient cold, warm, and shower baths, 
are connected with the building, and in short all 
those modern improvements which in the few 
years past have been made in first class hotels 
in this city. ^ 

NEW YORK HOTEL, 

No. 721 Broadway, New-Yokk, 
J. J. COMSTOCK. 



E. BUERMEYER, 
BROAD STREET HOTEL, 

No. 101 Broad street.' 



12 



THE GERMAN LABORATORY AND 
MEDICAL STORE. 

Recently established at 127 Chambers-street 
near Hudson-street, New Yaik. 

Where all articles in the line are manufactur- 
ed and sold on reasonable terms. Also on hand 
a large supply of Drugs, Medicines and Chemi- 
cals, prepared under the superintendence of Doc- 
tor Solomon Heine, Chemist, Physician and Sur- 
geon — Member of the New York City and County 
Medical Society, &c. and assistants. Many of 
the articles are new in this country, but enjoy a 
high reputation in Germany and Prussia. 

Every article is neatly put up in various sizes, 
accompanied with full directions as regards diet, 
use, &c. 

Physicians and the public are invited to call 
and examine the different Medical preparations, 
the Laboratory, and especially the different 
Chemicals, and if required all information as re- 
gards their composition will be given. They 
are open for inspection at all times. All medi- 
cines and prescriptions put up with the greatest 
care and dispatch. Those not employing a Phy- 
sician can procure remedies to suit their particu- 
lar cases, accompanied with directions for.use, &c. 

^^ A liberal discount made to Country deal- 
ers, and all articles may be returned should they 
not give satisfaction. 



GENTLEMEN'S FASHIONABLE AP 
/ No. 31 John, corner < 

/ First cornei-r^ 

tof 

1- 
er 

36 

•■HMiiii|si|qr])9g- Sui):)T}]no a*l9>^sii|;:j|s;ia o; p9;r\ll 

•iTo;:}OQ puB ouph 
le. 

•SHaAW'Ha QNY si!?»y 

be 

•^y O) p9:}U'BJj^AV pim ^i^pjo O) gpsrii p^jto 
'padij^s uaui'3 'os|y -025 -o:^ 'saaAS.'BJQ; puB s^jor 
'ouiJ9j^ :5||Tg ^sj9iqoJ9J|pu^fj 's5po]g 'sjJ'BOg Us 

-X9 pa}D9J9S SpOO-t) SS9JpUjQ pUB SS9JQ iC0UT?j[ irC 

er- 

•SaOOO DMIHSIMHUJ ^e- 

ich 
as 

pQAoaddB jno ui jgpjo 0; op^iu 'sj9uio]sno j;\re 
Joj s9^Bi A\o]; ;b 's9snoq ijsijSug; puc qou9j^re- 
UM0U51 ]|9Av 9qi uiojj 'sSui-^sg^Y pue S9j9unf)r- 
S9l.C;s aiqBuorqsT?^i 9q; IF " jo ^j^ SI^j^fXHOS-er^ 

eth 
'SONTXS3A QNV Sa'SaWfOii 

3 to- 

•SaOOO ONIHdSOb- 

Are» 

true as applicable to the pretended " Indian '> 
2 ^ 



.',. i7nt!\l^HlNG WAREHOUSE, 
CENTLEMEN-S FASH.ONAHLE APl'AREL AND FUKM.HI. 

First corner east of ]5roadway. 




i m ^^ 



^'^ 



it 



ikl31 



1 




WASHBURN & SEYMOUR, 



WHOLESiLE AND RETAIL 



NEW SPRING GOODS. 



i^^ 



CLOTHS, CASSIMERES AND VESTLN'GS, 

NOW O FEN INC. A FULL ASSORTMENT of all the Fashionable styles 
of Black and Coloured Cloths, Cassimcres and Veslings, from the well known ^ 
Mauufactories of Biolley, and other French and English houses, at low rates for ' 
Cash. Goods furnished by us for oi r customers, made to order in our approved 
style and workmaut'hip. 

GENTLEMEN'S FURNISHING GOODS. 

A full assortment of the Choicest Fancy Dress and Undress Goods selected ex- 
pressly for our city trade : Cravats, Scarfs, Stocks, Handkerchiefs, Silk Merino, 
\ Gauze Merino and Cotton Undershiiis and Drawers, &.c. &c. Also, Linen striped. 
\ Linen and Muslin Shirts on hand, and made to order, and warranted to fit. 

LADIES VESTS AND DRAWERS. 

Silk, Merino, Cotton Gauze, Merino and Cotton. 

Our Friend, and Strangers are imitedto visit this New Outfitting Establishment. 



i'AREL AND FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, 
^y Nassau street, New York, 
east of Broadway. 




ers, 



H & SEYMOUR, 



not give satisfaction. 



13 



i^ IMPURITY OF THE BLOOD CAUS- 
ES pain, and occasions disease upon that part of 
the body which, from any cause, may be the 
weakest. Thus, in persons whose blood is im- 
pure, should they have a cold, the impure matter 
would settle upon the lungs, and consumption be 
the trouble ; so with other affections. All 
trouble is saved by using Brandreth's Pills, which 
cannot injure, and which cannot be overdone. 
Only use them in the commencement of any 
disease, use them in full doses, and you will be 
up and well, while those who are too wise to 
take such a simple medicine, are bed-ridden, or 
prematurely end their days. The Brandreth Pills 
are onlj'' beginning to be appreciated ; they are 
found never to deceive ; they are the only inter- 
nal medicine required in this climate. Be care- 
ful of pretended universal purgatives, which 
cannot be used without injury to the body, as 
Brandreth's Pills can. What are they ? Are 
they not imitations of the Brandreth's Pills, re- 
commended in advertisements stolen from Dr» 
Brandreth ? Were they not originally counter- 
feit pills, purporting to be the genuine Brandreth 
Pills.'' But in consequence of the new labels on 
the Brandreth Pill boxes, are they not obliged to • 
come out under other colors equally false ? Ob- 
serve the makers and travelling agents ! Are* 
they not men whom Dr. Brandreth has cast 
off— not for good conduct, truly ? Is not this 
true as applicable to the pretended " Indian/' 




i^ -k 



Fold-out 

aceholder 



14 



and in fact to nearly all the advertised pills of the 
day ? Shall the public trust their lives in the 
hands of those unprincipled men ? Surely not. 
The Brandreth Pills give strength for weakness : 
they are liked best by those who have taken the 
most of them. Dr. Brandreth can give personal 
reference to thousands who have been restored 
from a bed of sickness by their use, when every 
other means had proved entirely unavailing. 

Read — This is to certify that I was taken ill 
during the season of the cholera, in the year 
1832, and continued thus until the Spring of 
1842, during which time I was severely troubled 
with dyspepsia, and all its various train of suffer- 
ing. I became extremely emaciated, melancho- 
ly, and worn out with suffering, so that life itself 
seemed burthensome. I, in the meantime, ap- 
plied to a number of the best physicians, who 
prescribed for me, and many were the bitter 
doses of medicine that I took ; but without avail. 
At last 

I YIELDED TO DESPAIR. 
The idea of taking the prescriptions of the phy- 
sician longer was useless, and I was utterly op- 
posed to taking pills. My friends became alarm- 
ed ; often solicited me to try Brandreth's Pills, 
asserting that they had derived great benefit from 
their use. At last I was tempted to give them 
a trial, and it is but just to say, that after using 
them a short time, I began to recover, and soon 
was 

ENTIRELY RESTORED TO HEALTH, 
and I think it a duty which 1 owe to the world 



ih 



and to Dr. Brandreth, to make this public ac- 
knowledgment. 

N. Bliss. 
Bushwick, King's County, L I., March 1. 

The Brandreth's Pills are sold at twenty -five 
cents per box, at Dr. B. Brandreth's principal 
office, No. 241 Broadway, N. Y., and by one 
Agent in every town throughout the United 
States, and the Canadas. 



AN EXTRAORDINARY WORK, 

AND ONE WHICH SHOULD BE IN THE HANDS 
OF EVERY 

MARRIED PERSON. 

MORAL PHYSIOLOGY, or a plainly writ- 
ten Treatise on the Popular Question, b}' the 
Hon. R. D. Owen, with additions and altera- 
tions, by R. Glover, M. D. 

To every person of sound common sense, this 
work is one which will command the highest 
praise. It is true, a few ignorant people may 
condemn it, but the editor is fully persuaded 
that the high importance of the subject of which 
it treats will present itself so forcibly to reflect- 
ing minds, that it must command respect. 
Were this book carefully read by every married 



16 

person, and its advice strictly followed, we are 
persuaded that a different state of society from 
the present would exist. 

The terrors of poverty, and the prospect of a 
family of children which could be but poorly 
reared, prevent many prudent people from en- 
tering the matrimonial state ; but here is a 
work which will tell you important secrets, 
which may obviate all such objections to a 
happy connubial relation, and which thousands 
of married people would give all they possess 
to understand fully. 

The editor is not allowed to state in public 
the character of this work more in detail, but 
he knows that it is one which will meet with 
universal approbation the moment it becomes 
known among married people. 

Persons w^anting copies of this important 
Physiological work, by enclosing one dollar to 
Dr. R. Glover, No. 2 Ann st., or to box 1802, 
New York Post Office, will insure the sending 
of the work in question. Postage on the Book 
is five cents. 



JOHN M. DA VIES & JONES, 

106 WILLIAM ST., (south-east corner of john,) 
IMPORTERS OF 

Merino Shirts, Gauze Shirts, Ladies' Gauze 
Vest, Brown and White Cotton Shirts, Merino 



17 



Drawers, Gauze Drawers, Brown Cotton Draw- 
ers, Merino Hose and half Hose, Brown and 
White Cotton half Hose, ribbed and plain, and 
all other kinds of Gentlemen's Hosiery, Gloves, 
Suspenders, Cravats, Scarfs, and Handkerchiefs. 

Also Importers and Manufacturers of Caps, 
Stocks, Collars, Bosoms, Shirts, Oiled Silks, 
Glazed Silks, Glazed Lawn, Glazed Muslin, 
and all kinds of Cap and Stock Trimmings. 

Self-adjusting Cravat, an entirely new and du- 
rable article. 

"Wholesale and Retail at very Low Prices. 



H. H. SCHIEFFELIN & CO., 

IMPORTERS 

AND 

WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, 

104 & 106 JOHN STREET, NEW YORK, 

Wish to call attention to their extensive and 
heavy assortment of Drugs, Medicines, Paints, 
Dye-stuffs, Glassware, Chemicals, Surgeons^ 
Instruments, Patent Medicines, Perfumeries, 
Window Glass, Shop Furniture, &c., &c., which 
they offer for sale very low, for cash or approved 
credit. Among other articles they offer White 
Lead, dry and in oil, at factory prices ; Madder, 
2* 



18 

in casks, barrels, and kegs ; Logwood, Nicwood, 
Fustic, Camwood, Indigo, in cases, ceroons, and 
kegs, Copal, Coach, Japan, and Black Varnish- 
es, Copperas, Venetian Red, Yellow Ochre, 
Putty, Paint Brushes, Smalts, Bronzes, Frost- 
ings, Spts. Turpentine in barrels, at factory- 
prices, &c. 

Orders by mail will receive every attention. 
H. H. SCHIEFFELIN, & CO., 

104 & 106 John Street, New York. 



A. B. & D. SANDS, 

WHOLESALE DRUGGISTS, 

100 FULTON ST., Cor. WILLIAM, NEW YORK, 

Offer for sale, for Cash or on approved credit, 
at lowest market prices, a large and well select- 
ed assortment of Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, 
Paints, Oils, Dye-stuffs, Window Glass, Surgi- 
cal Instruments, Trusses, Perfumery, Brushes, 
Druggists' Glass Ware, new Chemical Prepara- 
tions, and every other article usually kept in the 
Drug line. 

Leeches. — Also, constantly for sale, fresh im- 
ported Swedish and German Leeches, received 
direct from Europe, and of our importation. 
y will be repacked in the same manner in 
h they are imported, so as to be sent to 



19 

any part of the United States or Canadas with 
perfect safety. 

Saratoga Waters. — Arrangements have 
been made with the Proprietors of the different 
Springs, viz., "Congress," " Union," " Iodine," 
" Pavilion," to receive the water fresh every 
few days, and to supply it to the Trade at the 
lowest wholesale prices, by the dozen or gross. 

The water is packed in boxes containing 
either two dozen quarts, or four dozen pints. 

A. B. & D. S. are the Proprietors' wholesale 
agents for the following valuable preparations, 
which they will sell at the lowest wholesale 
prices : 

McMunn's Elixir of Opium, Peery's Vermi- 
fuge, or " Dead Shot," Cheeseman's Arabian 
Balsam, Wistar's Balsam of Wild Cherry, Mrs. 
Gardiner's Balsam Liverwort, Whittemore's 
Vegetable Sirup, Vegetable Pulmonary Balsam, 
Richardson's Sherry Wine Bitters, Thompson's 
Compound Sirup of Tar, Shaker Herbs, Ex- 
tracts, &c., Chinese Shaving Cream, Jayne's 
Hair Tonic, Jayne's Expectorant, Jayne's Sana- 
tive Pills, Jayne's Carminative Balsam, Scarpa's 
Acoustic Oil, Phinney's Pills, Payson's Indelible 
Ink, Indian's Panacea, Phelp's Tomato Pills. 



THE NATIONAL POLICE GAZETTE. 

(Circulation 20,000 Copies.) 

Published weekly at No. 27 Centre Street, 
containing the celebrated histories of famous 
criminals, known as the 

LIVES OF THE FELONS ; 

Illustrated with faithful likenesses of the charac- 
ters, and admirable descriptive engravings ; also 
all the current criminal news of the country, ob- 
tained by special and comprehensive arrangements 
with the various criminal departments ; faithful 
reports of all the exciting capital trials from all 
parts of the Union ; the substance of all informa- 
tions received in cases of felony ; the names and 
personal appearance of persons charged with of- 
fences, who are not iii custody^ S^'c, 8^c. ; and a 
complete list of deserters from the military service 
of the United States, published from the govern- 
ment records by special warrant of the War Office 
at Washington. 

Price Five cents per single number, or $2 
. per annum — payable in advance. 

Advertising. — The large circulation of this 
popular sheet renders it the most desirable me- 
dium for advertising in the United States, as its 
extent of readers and circulation are already su- 
perior to any weekly periodical issued in this 
city. CAMP & WILKES, 

Editors and Proprietors, 
27 Centre Street, New York. 



THE 

UNITED STATES STATISTICAL 



DIRECTORY 



OR 
MERCHANjTS' AND TRAVELLERS' 

GUIDE; 

WITH 

A WHOLESALE BUSINESS DIRECTORY 
OF NEW-YORK. 



BY 
LOOMIS, WHITE & CO. 



NEW-YORK : 

WILLIAM H. COLYER, PRINTER, 

No. 5 Hague-street. 

1846. 



PREFACE 



A FEW words will explain the object of the 
Publishers. The design has been to give such 
information as is constantly needed by the 
American Traveller and Merchant in a con- 
densed form. We do not pretend to give all, 
but the most important, as much so as the por- 
table size of our work will admit. 

In the Business Directory features we have, 
of course, given also a limited number of houses. 
It will be seen that we represent the most useful 
departments. The bookholder can find a ready 
reference for almost any call he would like to 
make. So vast a field as we cover would re- 
quire volumes. We have, in this Compend, se- 
lected what we thought most useful. 



A BRIEF VIEW 



UNITED STATES 



The States of this Union embrace almost every 
variety of climate and consequently of produc- 
tion. From 1620 to 1S46, in a period of little 
over two hundred years, the whole fabric of 
government has been reared. The most sanguine 
cannot anticipate its future greatness and power. 
Among the nations of the earth, we now hold, in 
the actual elements of strength, if not the first 
position, at least the second or third. From 1775 
to 1782 (the time of the Revolution) we had a 
population of some three millions. We were 
divided among ourselves as to the propriety of 
the measures pursued. Not more than three- 
fourths of the then population sustained cordially 
the provisional and preliminary action of the colo- 
nial governments. We were subjected to a 
bitter and powerful savage foe — without finances 
— without munitions of war, or military organi- 
zation ; when the mother country turned her 
armaments and batteries against us. She who 
disputed empire with the world, and made 
Europe tremble to its centre, struggled with us 
seven years, and was forced to yield to our 
3 



26 A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES- 

demand, which was a separate national exist- 
ence. This present year (1846) as a nation, we 
are but seventy years of age, we have now a 
population of some twenty-two millions, and 
spread over a section of the globe some 2500 
miles long, and from 1000 to 1500 miles 
wide; including 2,500,000 square miles or 
1,600,000,000 acres, making lor each man 
woman and child of our present population 
about eighty acres of land, that is a tract one- 
eighth of a mile wide and a mile long-. To a 
man and his wife, a half a mile wide and a mile 
long ; and to a family of four persons a mile 
square. 

When we reflect, that every acre well culti- 
vated will support a human being, and that one 
man may cultivate well some ten to fifteen acres ; 
we are forced to admit, that if want exists in the 
United States, it is not from necessity, but owing 
entirely to the misapplication of labor and mind. 
It is unnecessary to be exact in our computa- 
tions to be convinced of the fact that the Creator 
has assigned to us a prodigal inheritance, one 
abounding in all that we can use, and a vast 
annual surplus if farmed with ordinary industry 
and economy. 

The admission of Texas adds nearly 400,000 
square miles more to the Union, making about 
two hundred and fifty millions of acres. A terri- 
tory of itself greater than either France or Spain, 
and larger than any of the European kingdoms 
except England and Russia. The Oregon terri- 
tory, which is now the absorbing topic of specu- 



A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 27 

lation and discussion, contains, up to the forty- 
ninth degree, 218,500,000 acres, and to fifty-four 
degrees forty minutes 323,000,000, making the 
difference in territory between those two lines 
equal to about three states like New York. 
Thus, since the revolution, (at which time the 
Atlantic sea-boaid only constituted the settled 
territory,) we have spread out over the whole 
valley of the Mississippi with an active popula- 
tion : but now are we reaching out our arms to 
the Pacific. Oregon has now about twelve thou- 
sand regular settlers. The bulk of her popu- 
lation is made up of hunters and traders, the 
number of whom are unknown to us. Like our 
vast and diversified territory our population is 
made up of every variety of human character. 
All are here duly represented. Physical, Political, 
Religious, Irreligious, Moral and Immoral, are 
thrown promiscuously together, and held together 
by a popular, a free government : the will of the 
majority alone. The admission of Texas, when 
viewed as an extension of territory over which 
free institutions are to be established, as a terri- 
tory redeemed from the waste and folly of a 
weak and factious neighbor, for the better con- 
dition of wholesome laws and a wise political 
policy, must be regarded with pleasure by every 
friend of man. Much is undoubtedly gained, not 
to the Texans and the union only, but to the 
world, to man in his social and physical wants 
and necessities. But that she should have been 
admitted as a slave mart at this late day, a time 
when most men in the Union deprecate, if not 



28 A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 

existing slavery, at least, its extension, is very 
strange. Nothing can account for it in reason 
or the nature of the case. Ages may be required 
to undo this oversight. It is a real injury to 
Texas, and in direct hostility to the vv^ishes of a 
large preponderating number of the people of the 
United States, may we not safely say } The 
settlement of the Oregon boundary will be the 
epoch for a rapid settlement of that territory. 
Communication hitherto almost impossible by 
land, is known now to be not only possible, but 
for a long journey through an unsettled country 
not very difficult ; railroad and steamboat com- 
munication is perfectly feasible, and will in a 
few years, without doubt, be established, and 
then a journey to the mouth of the Columbia 
river will be a trip of from twelve to fifteen days. 
The gradual extension of our borders, we believe, 
are destined to spread to the w^hole Pacific coast. 
The hardy pioneers are moving steadily on ; what 
shall stop them ? The imaginary land-marks 
cannot do it. If they find themselves in a govern- 
ment congenial to their tastes it is all well 
enough ; if it is not so, they will remodel it, 
they will revolutionize ; Texas is a sample of 
what must follow. 

California is now spoken of and looked to as 
Texas was some few years since. The first 
settlement in the latter country by citizens from 
the United States was made in 1821, on the 
banks of the Brasos de Dios. In 1836 Texas 
declared herself independent of Mexico. In 1845 
she was admitted into the Union and became a 



A BRIEF VIEW OF THE UNITED STATES. 29 

sister state of the Republic. She has achieved 
this with a population which does not exceed 
150,000, while her mother country (or Mexico) 
has a population of 7,000,000, or about fifty to 
one and has hotly opposed it. 

Americans have demonstrated to their own 
satisfaction the superiority and the practicabihty 
of a representative government. They feel at 
heart a sovereign contempt for those claims of 
monarchy which have hitherto governed the 
world, and wherever they go they will carry 
that spirit. It is the spirit of the people, the 
many against the few. It will engender itself 
and produce its own fruit, whether under the 
aegis of the Union or by a separate government, 
is quite immaterial to our argument ; they will 
have a government of the people. 



CHAPTER II. 

THE POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL POWERS OF THE 
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 

Each state in the Union is an independent 
sovereignty, so far as their local laws are con- 
cerned. 

The national government is a creature solely 
of the national constitution. It has no power 
outside of that instrument. It holds but this 
3* 



30 THE POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL POWERS 

check on the local action of the states, namely, 
to compel every state to give its citizens a re- 
publican form of government. Its enumerated 
powers are few, but important ; it has sole 
jurisdiction in all foreign relations, and regulates 
trade and commerce. It extends its laws to 
cases in which the citizens of one state seek 
legal redress against the citizens of another. 

It would be a much better, or at least a less 
complex State of affairs, if the laws of the states 
were uniform in all that pertains to dealings 
which are common between them. New York, 
for instance, sells her goods to every state in 
the Union, yet she encounters a great diversity 
of remedies in form, and quite material gener- 
ally, in fact. Stay laws in some, valuation laws 
in others, and again certain forms of contracts 
take precedence : a promissory note, that is, 
must be paid in preference to a book account ; 
a local or demand due in the state before one 
due to a citizen of another state. Hence, the 
merchant who sells has to encounter not only 
inevitable risks, those depending on the muta- 
tions of market, the frailty of human plans, and 
the recklessness and dishonesty of some of his 
customers, but the legislator, the impartial, the 
goddess who holds the scales to weigh justice 
and mete out to all alike, allows her local bal- 
ance to preponderate against him. 

The following shows the rates of interest in 
those states named, and may be taken as a 
specimen of the uniformity of legislative wisdom 
on the same subject. Usury has been in all 



OF THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT. 31 

countries of Christendom a matter of legal re- 
striction. 

Legal Interest, &c. 

Maine. — 6 per cent. Punishment for usury, 
forfeit of the usury. 

New-Hampshire. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of 
three times the amount unlawfully taken. 

Vermont. — 6 per cent. Recovery in an ac- 
tion, with costs. 

Massachusetts. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of three- 
fold the usury. 

Rhode-Island. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of the 
usury and interest on the debt. 

Connecticut. — 6 per cent.. Forfeit of the 
whole debt. 

New-York.— 7 per cent. Usurious contracts 
void. 

' New-Jersey. — 7 per cent. Forfeit of the 
whole debt. 

Pennsyhania. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of the 
whole debt. 

Delaware. — 6 per cent. Forfeit of the whole 
debt. 

Maryland. — 6, and on tobacco contracts 8 
per cent. Usurious contracts void. 

Virginia. — 8 per cent. Forfeit double the 
usury. 

North- Carolina. — 6 per cent. Contracts for 
usury void — forfeit double the usury. 

South- Carolina. — 7 per cent Forfeit of in- 
terest and premium taken, with cost to debtors. 



32 THE POLITICAL AND JUDICIAL POWERS, ETC. 

Georgia. — 8 per cent. Forfeit three times 
the usury and contracts void. 

Alabama. — 8 per cent. Forfeit of interest 
and usury. 

Mississippi. — 8 per cent. By contract as 
high as 10. Usury recoverable in an action for 
debt. 

Louisiana. — 5 per cent. Bank interest 6, 
and conventional as high as 18 — beyond that 
contracts void. 

Kentucky. — 6 per cent. Usury may be re- 
coverable with costs. 

Ohio. — 6 per cent. Usurious interest not 
collectible. 

Indiana. — 6 per cent. On written agreement 
may go as high as 10. Penalty of usury a fine 
of double the excess. 

Illinois. — 6, and by agreement as high as 12 
per cent. Penalty, three fold the amount of the 
whole interest. 

Missouri. — 6, and by agreement as high as 10 
per cent. — beyond that, forfeiture of the whole 
interest due and usury taken. 

Michigan. — 7 per cent. Forfeit of the usury 
taken and one fourth of the debt. 

Arkansas. — 6 per cent. By agreement, any 
rate not exceeding 10. Amount of usury not 
recoverable ; contract void. 

District of Columbia. — 6 per cent. Usurious 
contracts void. 

Florida. — 8 per cent. Forfeit of interest and 
excess in case of usury. 



COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 33 

Wisconsin. — 7 per cent. By agreement, not 
over 12. Forfeit, treble the excess. 

Iowa. — The same as in Wisconsin. 

On debts or judgments in favor of the United 
States, interest is computed at the rate of 6 per 
cent, per annum. 



CHAPTER III. 



COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

EXPORTS OF DOMESTIC PRODUCE — Fisheries — 

Dried fish or cod fisheries #803,353 

Pickled fish or river fisheries, herring, mack- 
erel, &c 208,054 

Whale and fish oil 1,520,464 

Spermaceti oil 970,195 

Whalebone 762,642 

Spermaceti candles 236,917 

Total $4,507,124 

Forest — 

Skins and furs 1,248,355 

Ginseng 177, 146 

Produce of Wood — 
Staves, shingles, boards, 

hewn timber 1,953,222 

Other lumber 369,501 

Masts ahd spars 28,692 

Oak bark and other dye 70,016 



34 COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

All manufactures of wood.. 677,420 
Naval stores — tar, pitch, rosin 

and turpentine 814,649 

Ashes— pot and pearl 1,210,490 

5,124,920 

6,550,421 

AGRICULTURE — Products of Animols — 
Beef, tallow, hides, horned 

cattle 1,920,809 

Butter and cheese 878,865 

Pork, (pickled) bacon, lard, 

live hogs --.-2,991,384 

Horses and mules 385,488 

Sheep 23,848 

6,206,394 

Vegetable Food — 

Wheat - 336,779 

Flour 5,398,593 

Indian corn 411,741 

Indian meal ^- 641,532 

Rye meal 112,908 

Rye, oats and other small 

grain and pulse 177,953 

Biscuit and ship bread 366,294 

Potatoes 122,926 

Apples 81,306 

Rice 2,160,456 

9,810,508 

16,016,902 

Tobacco 716,819 

Cotton ..51,739,643 

All other Agricultural Products — 

Flax seed 81,918 

Hops 90,341 

Brown sugar 11,107 

Indigo 70 

183,496 

MANUFACTURES — 

Soap and tallow candles 623,936 



COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES 35 

Leather boots and shoes . . . : 228,091 

Household furniture 277,448 

Coaches and other carriages 55,821 

Hats 70,397 

Saddlery 20,847 

Wax 234,794 

Spirits and grain 75,108 

Beer, ale, porter and cider 69,583 

Snufi' and lobacco 538,493 

Linseed and Spirits of Turpentine 92,014 

Cordage 55,010 

Iron— Pig, bar and nails 77,699 

Do. Castings 118,^48 

Do. All manufactures of 649,100 

Spirits from molasses 216,118 

Susrar, refined 164,602 

Chocolate ; 1,401 

Gunpowder 122,599 

Copper and brass 94,736 

Medicinal drugs 212,877 

-4,099,832 

Cotta7i Piece Goods — 

Printed and colored 516,243 

White 2,343,194 

Nankeens 1,174,038 

Twist, yarn and thread 14,376 

All other manufactures of. . 280,164 

4,327,923 

Flax and Hemp — 

Bags, and all manufactures of 14,702 

Wearing apparel 59,653 

Combs and buttons 23,794 

Brushes 2,206 

Billiard tables and apparatus 1,551 

Umbrellas and parasols 2,583 

Leather and morocco skins, not sold 

'P^-lb 16,263 

Fire engines and apparatus 12,660 

Printing presses and type 26,774 

Musical instruments 18,209 



36 COMMERCE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Books and maps 43,298 

Paper and stationery 106,190 

Paints and varnish 50,103 

Vinegar - 14,375 

Earthen and stone ware 7,393 

Manufactures of Glass 9S,760 

Do. Tin 10,114 ; 

Do. Pewter and lead 14,404 

Do. Marble and stone 17,G2G 

Do. Gold and silver, and 

gold leaf 3,229 

Gold and silver coin S44,44G 

Artificial flowers and jewelry 10,435 

Molasses 20,771 

Trunks 3,33(5 

Bricks and lime 5,701 

Domestic salt 45,151 " 

5,804,977 

Lead 342,646 

Articles not enumerated — 

Manufactured 1 ,269,338 ' 

Other articles 1 ,315,578 

2,.584,916 

Total $99,299,776 

Shipping. — The total number of ships entered during 
the past year in this country, has been 13,723, with a ton- 
nage of 2,S4G,049, and crews of 154,335 men and 3262 
boys. Of these, the American vessels were in number 
8133, with 2,025,486 tonnage, and crews of 99,020 men 
and 2562 boys. 

The clearances during the same time, were 13,780 
ships, with a tonnage of 2,984,2-52, and 155,451 men and 
3182 boys. Of these, the Americans had 8197 ships, with 
a tonnage of 2,053,977 and crews of 100,794 men and 
2462 boys. 



37 



CHAPTER IV. 

PROPOSED AND PRESENT TARIFF 

The new Tariff as in the hands of the Com-' 
mittee of Ways and Means. 



PROPOSED AND PRESENT TARIFF OF THE UNITED 
STATES. 

Proposed Tariff. Present Tariff. 

Per Cent. 

Brandy and other spi- 
rituous liquors 75 60 cts. to $1 per gallon 

Cordials- 75 60 cts per gallon 

Wines of all kinds 30 6 cts to 65 cts per gallon 

Ready made clothing, 
and all articles worn 
by men, women, and 
children, hosiery, fee 30 50 per cent 

Oil cloth, all kinds 30 ISj to 35 cts per sq yard 

Iron and manufactures 

of iron 30 $11 to 25 per ton and 1 a 

Manufactures of gold, 1| cts per pound 

silver, copper, brass, 
and all other metals.. 30 

Saddlery, coach and har- 
ness furniture 30 20 per cent 

Manufactures of leather, 
including boots, shoes, 
gloves, &c 30 15 cts to ^1 .50 per pair 

Fur caps, hats, muffs, 
tippets, and all manu- 
factures of furs 30 35 per cent 

Segars, snuff, manufac- 
tures of tobacco 30 10 to 40 cts per pound 

Tobacco manufactured. 30 20 per cent 

Manufactures of Marble. 30 30 per cent "" 

Jewelry and imitations. 30 20 to 25 per cent 
4 



38 



PROPOSED AND PRESENT TARIFF, 



Clocks 30 

Watches 10 

Sugar 30 

Molasses 30 

Soap -...-30 

Medicinal preparations. 30 
Spices 30 

Coal and coke 30 

Almonds and other nuts.30 

Raisins and other fruit.. 30 

Manufactures of wool.. 25 

" worsted.. 25 

'< mohair.. 25 

silk 25 

Ingrain and other com- 
mon carpetiner 25 

Brussels and other fine 

carpeting 30 

Buttons, all kinds 25 

Flannels, baises, and 

bookings 25 

Manufactures of hemp. .20 

" linen 20 

" cotton... 20 

Wool, unmanufactured -20 

Hemp " 20 
Flax " 20 
Hair cloth and hair seat- 
ing 20 

Leghorn and straw hats. 20 

Raw silks 20 

Sewing silks 20 

Blankets costing under 

75 cents 10 

Blankets costing over 75 20 
Glass tumblers, not cut. 20 
Plate glass ana cut glass 20 

Plaia window glass... .30 



25 per cent 

Ih per cent 

25 a 4 cts per pound 

4h mills per pound 

10 a 30 per cent 

20 per cent 
2 to 75 cents per pound 

^'1.75 pr ton, 5 cts pr bush 
1 to 3 cts per pound 
1 to 3 cts per pound 

40 per cent 

30 per cent 

20 per cent 

$1.50 to 2.50 per pound 

30 per cent ~ 

55 a 65 cts per sq yard 
25 a 30 per cent 

14 cts per sq yard 
20 per cent 
25 per cent 
30 per cent 
5 per ct, 3 cts per lb. and 
30 per cent 
$25 a 40 per ton 
^80 per ton 



35 per cent 

50 cts per pound [ 

$2 per pound 

15 per cent 
25 per cent 
10 cts per pound 

5 to 12 cents per sq foot, 
and 25 a 30 per cent 

2 to 10 cts per sq foot j 



OF THE UNITED STATES. 



39 



Manufactures of glass. . . 30 
Foolscap, letter, and 

other paper 20 

Blank books 20 

Printed books, all kinds 20 
Lead in pigs, bars, or 

sheets 20 

Leather of all kinds, and 

skins 20 

Lins'd crhemps'd oil... 20 
Linseed or hempseed.. 

Red and white lead 20 

All other paints 20 

Carbonates of soda 20 

Acids, all kinds 20 

Chocolate, beef, pork, 
wheat, and other pro- 
visions 20 

Olive oil 20 

Oranges and lemons 20 

Ale, beer, and porier...20 
Gums, crude or refined. 20 
Balsams, essences, tinc- 
tures, perfumes, &c., 
for the toilet or medi- 
cinal purposes 30 

Diamonds, rubies, and 
other precious stones. 10 

Imitations thereof 10 

Indigo, cochineal, &c. ..10 
Soda, ash, barilla, kelp, 

natron 10 

Gunny cloth 10 

Tin plates 10 

Copper ore, copper pigs, 
zinc, tin, brass, &c., 

unmanufactured 5 

Tea, coffee, salt, and 
raw cotton .^.free 



25 per cent 

10 to 17 cts per pound 
15 to 40 cts per pound 
5 to 30 cents per pound 

and volume 
I5 to 4 cts per pound 

6 a 8 cts per lb, 75 cts ta 

$5 per dozen 
25 per cent 

5 per cent 

4 cts per pound 
20 per cent 
20 per cent 
20 per cent 



30 per cent 

20 per cent 

15 to 20 cents per gallon 

15 to 25 per cent 



25 pef cent 

7 a 71 per cent 
75 per cent 
5 cents per pound 

20 per cent 

5 cts per sq yard 
2k per cent 



1 a 30 per cent 
Cotton 3 cts per lb, salt 8 
cts per bushel, tea and 
coffee free 



A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE NAVIES 



CHAPTER V. 

A COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE NAVIES AND COM- 
MERCE OF THE WORLD. 



ii 

0^ ;5 



England, 

France, 

U. States, 2,417,002 



2,420,759 
625,769 



671 

34S 
76 



6,242 
8,816 
7,352 



Russia, 239,000 126 10,394 

Denmark, 95,375 73 754 
Sweden, 118,118 397 1,407 



Holland, 
Turkey, 
Egypt, 



214,284 



132 
31 
20 



1,544 
1,902 
1,460 



^ i 

40,000 98 steamers 
29,095 61 do 
8,724 5 do 

C 8 steamers, 

< many con- 

^ tracted for. 

at least 67 gunboats. 

C 2 steamers, 
at least < 337 gun- 

^ boats. 

132 gunboats. 

3 steamers. 



England has 647 guns to each 100,000 tons of commerce, 
do « do 100,000 do 

do do 100,000 do 

do do 100,000 do 

do do 100,000 do 

do do 100,000 do 



France, 

U. States, 

Russia, 

Denmark, 

Sweden, 

Holland, 



1,030 
100 

3,467 
877 
703 
777 



For the protection of every hundred thousand 
tons of commercial wealth, we have 100 guns ; 
England has 640 ; France has 1030 ; Russia has 
3467; Denmark has 877; Sweden 703, and 
Holland 777. In other words, England has 
seven times as many guns as we to defend the 
same amount of commerce; France has ten 



AND COMMERCE OF THE WORLD. 41 

times as many ; Russia has thirty-jive times as 
many ; Denmark eight times ; Sweden seven 
times, and Holland eight times as many. 

The pre.sent position of our foreign relations 
with England has called attention to our compa- 
rative strength. 

It will be seen that we have 100 guns to 
England's 640, that is, less than one to her six. 
But ihat our commerce is nearl}'^ equal to hers- 
Yet the power of the Union it should be remem- 
bered as 10 England is not measured by the com- 
parative number of naval muzzles. For in 1776 
to 1781-2, during the Revolution, we had no 
navy, yet the result was one of success and tri- 
umph to American arms. And again, our navy 
could be quadrupled, if necessary, in one year. 
Besides, steam power. Ocean steam power, is 
destined to enact, doubtless, a principal character 
in future naval operations. And in this depart- 
ment both nations are in their infancy, so to speak. 



CHAPTER VI. 

NUMBER, CAPITAL AND CIRCULATION OF THE 
BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES- 

It is a received principle of political economy, 

that the prices of commodities depend in no small 

degree on the amount of what is called money ^ or 

in other words, the current circulating medium. 
4* 



42 NUMBER CAPITAL AND CIRCULATION 

In the United States, this money consists of both 
gold and silver coin and bank paper. The amount 
of money with which the people transact busi- 
ness, and which influences prices, is the amount 
of all the issues of coin and paper which is in 
actual circulation^ and also a certain portion of 
de puritesj which, though not in actual circula- 
tion, are subject to instant call, and constitute a 
part of money transactions in the form of checks. 
It is very difficult to arrive at the last item ; but 
the former may be told with a good deal of 
accuracy, and the latter estimated. 





TABLE I. 




Number and capital of 


Banks. 


states. 


Number. 


Capital. 


New York 


105 


$42,845,428 


Massachusetts 


104 


30,970,000 


Louisiana 


6 


17,663,000 


Pennsylvania 


48 


16,984,000 


South Carolina 


14 


11,431,000 


Virginia 


92 


10,407,000 


Rhode Island 


61 


10,175,790 


Maryland 


20 


8,802,000 


Connecticut 


32 


8,457,000 


Tennessee 


9 


7,658,000 


Kentucky 


16 


7,019,000 


Ohio 


31 


6,511,000 


Georgia 


20 


5,682,000 


New Jersey 


26 


3,721,000 


North Carolina 


19 


3,225,000 


Maine 


35 


3,009,000 


Indiana 


13 


2,087,894 



OF THE BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 43 

States. Number. Capital. 

District of Columbia 6 1,954,054 

New Hampshire 17 1,630,000 

Delaware 6 1,390,000 

Missouri 6 1,200,000 

Vermont 17 1,175,000 

Michigan 6 

Illinois 

Arkansas 

Mississippi 

Florida 



Total 649 $204,997,866 

Mississippi, Illinois and Arkansas had banks 
which have become insolvent. In Iowa, Wis- 
consin and Florida, it is believed, there are now 
no banks. 





TABLE ir. 




Circulation and Specie of Banks. 


States. 

New York 

Massachusetts 

Louisiana 


Circulation. 

$21,375,000 

14,339,686 

3,068,316 


Specie. 

$8,864,000 
3,357,904 
6,212,534 


Rhode Island 


2,560,000 


296,000 


Connecticut 


4,102,000 


453,000 


Kentucky- 
Maine 


5,383,000 
2,216,000 


2,577,308 
205,000 


Indiana 
Missouri 
North Carolina 


3,527,351 
2,195,840 
2,954,518 


1,079,367 
1,453,614 
1,261,071 




$61,721,771 


$25,759,798 



44 NUMBIR CAPITAL AND CIRCULATION 

These ten states have made returns up to the 
first of January 1846. 

The circulation and specie of the other states 
having banks, may be estimated nearly as follows : 

Circulation. Specie. 

Thirteen States $38,500,000 $17,000,000 

The general result of the bank circulation and 
deposits of specie is very nearly as follows : 

Circulation of bank notes $100,000,000 

Specie in banks 42,000,000 

If we deduct the specie thus locked up from 
the bank notes in circulation, we have active 
$58,000,000. 

The specie in the hands of individuals, in 
various ways may be estimated at $50,000,000. 
Of this about one-fifth is hoarded up, leaving 
active, $40,000,000. 

If the last estimate be correct, there is in the 
United States an active moneyed circulation of 
about one hundred millions of dollars. Dividing 
this sum by the population and we have at this 
time, about ^156 dollars in money to each indivi- 
dual to transact the business of society upon. 

It might be well to observe that the present 
amount of circulation is less, comparatively, than 
in former years. Whether the wants of the com- 
nmnity and business demands are sufficiently 
well served it remains to be seen. There is 
never too much money if it is money in fact. 
But depreciated paper, and insolvent banks, have 
been among the worst scourges of this country. 



OF THE BANKS OF THE UNITED STATES. 45 

The present is by no means an hour of safety or 
of settled policy as to the currency question. 
The independent treasury is to be tried, the 
banking law of Ohio is an experiment, and the 
states generally are unsettled as to bank policy. 
This vexed question, it is to be hoped, will not 
be acted on by upstart political charlatans, but 
left to the wisdom of business men and the 
careful experience of the whole community ; we 
all have but one interest in the issue. 



CHAPTER VII. 




Railroads ] 


[N THE United 


States. 


states. 


Miles. 


Total Cost 


Maine 


10 


200,000 


New Hampshire 


- - 29J 


910,000 


Massachusetts - 


3651 


13,535,000 


Rhode Island - 


47.1 


2,500,000 


Connecticut 


152' 


2,905,009 


New York 


1,317J 


21,814,040 


Pennsylvania - 


850 J 


23,112,000 


New Jersey 


196 


5,647,000 


Delaware 


16 


400,000 


Maryland 


749^ 


23,000,000 


Virginia 


369 


5,451,000 


North Carolina 


247 


3,163,000 



46 RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES. 



South Carolina 


202 


4,000,000 


Georgia 


6405 


9,778,000 


Florida 


217 


3,820,000 


Alabama 


432J 


4,686,000 


Louisian 


248J 


4,696,000= 


Mississippi 


210^ 


5,730,000 


Tennessee. 


1601 


1,955,000 


Kentucky- 


97 


2,107,000 


Ohio 


416 


3,269,000 


Indiana - 


246 


4,800,000 


Michigan 


738| 


7,549,000 


Illinois 


1,421 


17,10,000 


Total, 


9,3781 


172,107,940 



The foregoing table exhibits the number of 
miles of railroad undertaken in the year 1840, of 
which 3,342 miles were open and in use, 1,707 
miles were granted and ready for the superstruc- 
ture ; and the total length of all the lines was 
9,378J miles. The cost of construction, actual 
and computed, $172,107,040, gives an average 
of $18,351 per mile of road, including buildings 
and outfit. 

This exhibit is the best we can compile from 
the documents we have consulted. There may- 
be some new routes not given, but nothing to 
change the general view. 



CHAPTER VIII. 

DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

FROM ALBANY. 

To New York bij Steam Boats. 

MlLK3. 

Coeymans, 1 3. Coxackie, 20. Hudson, 28. Cats- 
Icill, 34. (thence to Pine Orchard 14 miles.) Red 
Hook Landing:, 45. Kingston, 55. Hyde Park, 65. 
Poughkeepsie," 70. Newburg, 85. West Point, 93. 
Peekskill, 103. Singsing, 113. Phillipsburg, 129. 
New York, 145. 



To Boston by Railroad. 

Kinderhook, 16. Chatham four corners, 23. Rich- 
mond, 41. Pittsfield, 49. Dalton, 54. Washington, 
62. Chester, 81. Springfield, 102. Palmer,^ 117. 
Warren, 127. Charlton, 143. Worcester, 156. Fra- 
mingham, 179. Boston, 200. 



To Utica by Rail-Road. 

Schenectady, 16. Amsterdam, 31. Caughnawaga, 
40. Palatine Bridge, 52. Little Falls of Mohawk, 72. 
Herkimer, 79. Utica, 96. 



To Buffalo by Erie Canal. 1 

Troy, 7. Junction, 9. Schenectady, 28. Amster- 
dam, 46. Schoharie Cr. 53. Caughnawaga, 57. Ca- 
najoharie, 69. Little Falls, 88. Herkimer, 95. Frank- 
fort, 100. Utica, 110. Whitesboro, 114. Rome, 125- 
New London, 132. Canistota, 146. New Boston, 150. 



48 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

Chitteningo, 154. Manlius, 162. Syracuse, 171. 
Geddesburg, 173. Canton, 185. Jordan, 191. Weeds- 
port, 197. Montezuma, (Lake Port) 206. Clyde, 217. 
Lyons, 226. Lockville, 232. Palmyra, 24i. Fair- 
port, 252. Pittsford, 260. Rochester, 270. Ogden, 
282. Adams, 285. Brockport, 290. Holly, 295. 
Albion, 305. Lockport, 333. Pendleton, 340. Ton- 
newanta, 352. Buffalo, 363. 



To Buffalo by Stage. 

Schenectady, by R. R. 16. Amsterdam, 32. Caugh- 
nawaga, 43. Palatine Bridge, 54. Manheim, 67. 
Little Falls, 74. Herkimer, 81. Utica, 96. Man- 
chester, 105. Vernon, 113. Lenox, 122. Sullivan, 
130. Manlius, 136. West Hills, 148. Skaneateles, 
162. Auburn, 169. Cayuga, 178. Waterloo, 186. 
Geneva, 192. Canandaigua, 208. Bloomfield, 217. 
Lima, 226. Avon, 233. Caledonia, 241. Leroy,247. 
Batavia, 257. Pembroke, 271 . Ransom's Grove, 279. 
Williamsville, 287. Buffalo, 297. 



To Ithaca, by Stage, 

Hamilton, 8. Duanesburg, 20. Esperance, 26. 
Beekmansville, 45. Cherry Valley, 52. Cooperstown, 
64. Burlington, 74. Smyrna, 94. Deruyter, 115. 
Truxtun, 125. Cortlandt, 138. Ithaca, 159. 



To SackeVs Harbor, by Stage. 

Utica, 96. Rome, 112. Fish Creek, 123. Redfield, 
143. Lorain, 159. Adams, 167. Sacket's Harbor, 
177. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 49 

• To BaUston and Saratoga by railroad. 

Milks. 

Schenectady, 16. Ballston, 30. Saratoga, 36, (thence 
to Lake George 32 miles.) ?(* 



To Whitehall, by Champlain Canal. 

Troy, 7. Junction, 9. Waterford, 1 1 . Mechanics- 
ville, 19. Stillwater, 23. Bemus Heights, 26. Schuy- 
iersville, 35. Fort Miller, 40. Fort Edward, 48. 
Kingsbury, 53. Fort Ann, 60. Narrows, 66. White- 
hall, 72. 



To Whitehall, by stage. 

Troy, 6. Lansingburg, 9. Waterford, 10. Mecha- 
nicsville, 18. Stillwater, 20. Schuylersville, 33. 
Northumberland, 35. Fort Miller, 38. Fort Edward, 
46. Sandy Hill, 49. Kingsbury, 54. Fort Ann, 58. 
WhitehaU, 72. 



To Montreal, by stage and steamboat. ' 

Whitehall, as above, 72. [By Steam Boat. Ticonde- 
roga, 95. Crown Point, 109. Basin Haibor, 121. 
Essex, 130. Burlington, 145. S. Hero, 154. Platts- 
burg, 162. Chazy, 176. Isle au Noix, 191. St, 
Johns, 200.] La Prarie, by Stage, 217. Montreal, by- 
Steam Boat, 225. 



To Burlington, Vt. via Bennington, Middlebury,*^c^ 
by stage. 

[Sand Lake, 11. Berlin, 21.1 Warm ! Spring, 29. 
Pownal],33. Bennington, 41. Shaftsbury, 49. Sun- 
[5 . 



Ml DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

derland, 57. Manchester, 65. Tinmouth, 83. Rut- 
land, 100. Pittsford, 108. Brandon, 117. Middle- 
burv, 133. Vereennes, 117. Charlotte, 156. Burling- 
ton, 169. 



To Niagara Falls, Buffalo, ^c by railroad. 

Schenectady, 16. Glenville, 20. i^n^sterdam, 30- 
Tripe Hill, 37. Caughnewaga,41. Fonda, 42. Pala- 
tine, Bridge, 53. St. Johnsville, 62. Little Falls, 72. 
Herkimer, 79. Utica,93. Whitesboro, 96. Oriskany, 
100. Rome, 107. Verona Centre, 115. Canestota, 
126. Fayette, 142. Syracuse, 146. Camillu.s, 154. 
Elbridge, 162. Auburn, 172. Cayuga, 181. Bridge- 
port, 182. Waterloo, 191. Geneva, 200. Vienna, 
209. Canandaigua, 223. Victor, 233. Rochester, 
850. Churchviile, 264. Bergen, 272. Morganville, 
278. Bafavia, 283. Attica, 293. Alden, 203. Lan- 
caster, 311. Buffalo, 323. Black Rock, 325. Tona- 
wanda, 334. Fort Schlosser, 345 Niagara Falls, 346. 



To Boston, by stage. 

Union, 11. Lebanon Spring, 25. Pittsfield, 32- 
Dalton, 37. Peru, 46. Worlhington, 55. Chester- 
field, 60. Northampton, 74. Hadley, 78. Bercher- 
town,88. Western, 102. Brookfield, 107. Spencer, 
115. Worcester, 124. Farmington, 145. Brookline, 
162. Boston, 166. 



FROM ALTON, ILL. 
To St. Louis, by steamboat. 
Missouri River, 3. Chatea'i Island, 12. St. Louis, 23. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 51 

To New Orleans, by steamboat, 

MlLKt^ 

St. Louis, 23. Carondelet, 29. Harrison, 52. Her- 
culaneum, 53. St. Genevieve, 84. Bainbridge, 145. 
Cape Gerardeau, 155. Ohio River, 196. New Orleans, 
1273. 



To Prairie du Chienne, by steamboat. 

Peasau Creek,9. Illinois River, 19. Cuivre River, 
39. Ramsay's Creek, 67. Clarksville, 75. Louisiana, 
87. Saverton, 105. Hannibal, 112. Wyaconda, 140. 
R. des Moines, 162. Fort Armstrong, 279. Prairie 
du Chienne, 428. 



Stage route to Vandalia. 

Upper Alton, 2. Cahokia River, 17. Shoal Creek, 
37. Vandalia, 58. 



To Carlisle. 

Edwardsville, 13. Troy, 22. Clifton, 36. Shoal 
Creek, P. 0., 44. Carlisle, 53. 



To Springfield. 

Woodburn, 16. Carlinsville, 36. Girard, 48. 
Springfield, 74. 



To Carrollton. 

Lurton's, 12. Jersey ville, 19. Kane P. 0., 24. 
Carrollton, 33. 



ftl [ DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES- 

BALTIMORE THOROUGHFARES. 

To Philadelphia, by railroad, via Havre de Grace, Ifc^ 

-.... .- — MILES. 

Depot, 1. BackR.,5. Gunpowder R., 16. BushR., 
23. Havre de Grace, 35. Charleston, 41. Northeast, 
44. Elkton, .50. Newark Road, 56. Newport, 64. 
Wilmington, 68. Marcus Hook Road, 77. Chester, 
81. Gray's Ferry Viaduct, 90. Philadelphia R. R-, 
94. Philadelphia, 95. 

To Philadelphia, by steamboat and railroad. 

^'^ Fort M'Henry, 3. Sparrows Pt., 9. North Pt, 12. 
Pool's Island, 25. Turkey Pt., 48. Frenchtown, 64. 
N. Castle, by R. R., 80. Chester, by steam boat, 97. 
Philadelphia, 115. 



To Philadelphia, by steamboat and canal. 

Turkey Pt., as above, 48. [By canal, Bohemia, 58. 
Deep cut, 63. St. Georges, 67. Delaware City, 72. 
New Castle, 78.] Philadelphia, 113. 



To Philadelphia, by stage. 

^ Gunpowder V., 14. Abingdon, 24. Havre de Grace, 
34. Elkton, 50. Wilmington, 70. Chester, 83. 
Philadelphia, 98. , 



To Washington, by stage. 

^' Elkridge Landing:, 8. Waterloo, 13. Vansville, 23. 
Bladensburg, 31. "Washington, 37. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 53 

To Washington^ by steamboat. 

MiLKf. 

Bodkin Pt., 13. Herring Bay, 45. Patuxent, 77. 
Pt. Lookout, 97. Washint^ton's B. P., 128. Mat- 
thew's Pt., 146. Cook's Ferry, 169. Mt. Vernon, 
187. Alexandria, 196. Washington, 204. 



To Wheeling^ Va., by railroad and stage. 

[By rail road. Deep Cut, 2. Washington road, 5.' 
Still house run, 6. Patapsco river, 10. EUicott's, 12. 
Eagle Factory, 14. Crossing of Patapsco, 26. Sykes, 
29. Gillets run, 35. Parrsville, 40. New Market, 
46. Monocacy river, 55. Frederick, 59.] (Thence 
to the Point of Rocks, 11 miles.) Middletown, 68. 
Boonsboro, 75. (Thence to Hagerstown, 11 miles.) 
Williamsport, 87. Big Spring, 97. Hancock, 114. 
Prattsville, 132. [By National Road, Cumberland, 1 53. 
Mt. Pleasant, 163. Petersburg, 188. Smythfield, 192. 
Union, 213. Brownsville, 225. Hillsboro, 236. 
Washington, 248. W. Alexandria, 263. Wheeling,' 
279.} 



2b Frederick, by stage. 

Ellicotts, 10. Lisbon, 22. Poplar Spring, 27.' 
Parrsville, 31. New Market, 36. Frederick, 47. 



To Annapolis, by stage. 
Patapsco R., 7. Indian Landing, 21. Annapolis, 30.' 

To Gettysburg, Pa., by stage. 

Hookton, 6. Reisterstown, 17. Westminster, 29.' 
Petersburg, 44. Gettysburg, 54. 



54 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To York, Pa., by stage. 

Miles. 

Govanston, 5. Towsenton, 7. Golden Ho., 14. 
Hereford, 21. Wisebury, 23. Strasburg, 34. York, 48. 



To Washingtotiy D. C, by railroad. 

Carrolton Viaduct, 2. Elkridge, 8. Vansville, 23. 
Bladensburg, 32i. Washington, 38i 



BOSTON THOROUGHFARES. 
To Albany, by stage. 

Brookline, '4, Farmington, 21. Westboro, 3J. 
Worcester, 42. Spencer, 51. Brookfield, 59. Bel- 
cbertown, 78. Hadley, 88. Northampton, 92. Ches- 
terfield, 106. Peru, 120. Dalton, 129. Pittsfield, 
134. Lebanon Springs, 141. Albany, 166. 



To Hartford, by stage. 

Brookline, 4. Dover, 15. Med way, 27. Mendon, 

36. Douglass, 48. Thompson, 62. Ashford, 82. 

Willington, 84. Tolland, 91. Ellington, 96. Hart- 
ford, 110.; 

To Providence, by stage, and thence to New York, by 
steamboat. 

Roxbury, 5. Dedham, 10. Wrentham, 28. Attle- 
boro, 35. Pawtucket, 42. Providence, 45. Pawtuxet, 
50. Newport, 70. Point Judith, 84. New London 
Harbor, 119. (Thence to New London, 4 miles.) 
Connecticut R., 1 33. Falkner's Is. , 1 52. New Haven 
Harbor, 164. (Thence to New Haven,^four miles.) 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 55 

MiLe« 

Blackrock, 183. Southport, 188- Oldwell, 196. 
West Greenwich, 212. Throg's Point, 231. New 
York, 247. 



To Tauntorii by stage. 
Dorchester, 7. Bridgewater, 22. Taunton, 34. 



To Barnstable, by stage. 

Quincy, 9. Weymouth, 15. Hanover, 24. King- 
ston, 35. Plymouth, 41. Sandwich, 59. Barnstable, 
72. 



To Rutland, Vt., by stage. 

Cambridge, 4. Concord, 18. Groton, 32. Town- 
send, 41. New Ipswich, 53. Keene, 80. Bellows 
Falls, 100. Chester, 113. Cavendish, 125. Rutland, 
151. 



To Concord, N. H., and thence to Montpelicr, Vt., by 
stage. 

Medford, 6. Stoneham, 10. Andover, 21. Me- 
thuen, 25. Londonderry, 41. Hookset Falls, 60. 
Concord, GS. Boscawen, 78. Andover, Vt., 92.- 
Grantham, 114. Dartmouth Col., 125. Stratford,^141. 
Chelsea, 150. Barre, 165. Montpelier, 174. 



To Portland, Me., by stage. 

Saugus, 10. Danvers, 17. Topsfield, 23. Rowley, 
31. Newbury port, 36. Hampton, 45. Portsmouth, 



56 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

M1LB8. 

58. York, 67. Wells, 82. Kennebunk Point, 88. 
Saco, 98. Portland, 114. 



To Newburypert, via Salem, by stage. 

Chelsea, 5. Lynn, 10. Salem, 15. Beverly, 17. 
Wenham, 21. Hamilton, 23. Ipswich, 28. New- 
buryport, 38. 



To Portland, by steamboat. 

Point Shirley, 4. Nahant, 10. Marblehead, 16. 
Salem Harbor, 19. (Thence to Salem, five miles.) 
Gloucester Harbor, 27. (Thence to Gloucester, four 
miles.) Cape Ann, 37. Newbury Harbor, 53. Boar's 
Head, 60. Portsmouth Harbor, 72. York Harbor, 
77. Kennebunk H., 89. Fletcher's Neck, 101. 
Cape Elizabeth, 114. Portland, 124. 



Miscellaneous routes by steamboats. 

Fort Warren, 2. Fort Independence, 3. Long 
Island, 6. Point Alderton, 10. The Brewsters, 10. 



Route from Boston to Albany, by railroad. 

Framingham, 21. Worcester, 44. Charlton, 57. 
Warren, 73. Palmer, 83. Springfield, 98. Chester, 
119. Pittsfield, 151. Kinderhook, 184. Albany, 200. 

From Boston, by railroad, to 

Providence, 41. New Bedford, 56. Lowell, 26, 
Concord, N. H., 44. Salem, 15. Portland, 74. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 57 

FROM BUFFALO. 

To Albany, by the Erie Canal. 

M1LK8. 
Tonnewanta, 11. Pendleton, 23. Lockport, 30. 
Albion, 58. Holly, 68. Brockport, 73. Ogden, 81. 
Rochester, 93. Fairport. 111. Palmyra, 122. Ly- 
ons, 137. Montezuma, 157. Jordan, 172. Syra- 
cuse, 192. Manlius,201. New Boston, 213, Canis- 
tota, 217. Ptome, 238. Whitesboro, 249. Utica, 
253. Herkimer, 268. Little Falls, 275. Canajoha- 
rie, 294. Caugnewaga, 306. Amsterdam, 319. 
Schenectady, 335. Troy, 356. Albany, 363. 



To Albajiy, by stage. 

Williamsville, 10. Ransoms, 18. Pembroke, 26. 
Batavia, 40. Leroy, 50. Avon, 64. Lima, 71. 
Bloomfield, 80. Canandaigua, 89. Geneva, 105. 
Cayuga, 119. Auburn, 128. Skaneateles, 135. 
Westhills, 149. Manlius, 161. Lenox, 175. Ver- 
non, 184. Utica, 201. Herkimer, 216. Little Falls, 
223. Palatine Bridge, 243. Amsterdam, 265. 
Schenectady, 281. Albany by Railroad, 297. 



To Niagara Falls, by stage. 
Blackiock, 1. Chippewa, 17. Niagara Falls, 19- 



To Niagara Falls, by stage, via Manchester. 

Blackrock, 1. Tonnewanta, 9. Schlosser, 19. 
The Falls, 21. 



To Rochester, by stage. 
Batavia, as above, 40. Bergen, 53. Rochester, 70 



58 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Erie, Pa., by stage. 

Miles. 

Hamburg, 11. Cattaraugus, 30. Dunkirk, 46. 
Westfield, 60. Burget's town, 76. Erie, 90. 



Tb Erie, and thence to Detroit, by steamboat. 

Cattaraugus, 28. Dunkirk, 41. Westfield, 56. Erie, 
86. Fairport, 160. Cleveland, 190. Sandusky, 
250. Detroit 325. 

To Hamilton, by stage. 

Hamburg, 11. Boston, 23. Springville, 23. Elli- 
cotville, 49. Hamilton, 69. 

To Ithica, by stage. 

Aurora, 15. Warsaw, 41. Perry, 49. Moscow, 
56. Geneseo, 60. Dansville, 78. Conhocton, 86. 
Bath, 106. Jersey, 116. Salubria, 131. Ithica. 151. 



To Ithica, via Batavia and Cayuga Lake. 

Cayuga, as above, 119. Union, by steamboat. 125. 
Aurora, by steamboat, 132. Milton, by steamboat, 
139. Ludlowsville by steamboat, 149. Ithica, by 
steamboat, 157. 



FROM CHARLESTON, S. C 

To Hamburg, by S. C. railroad. 

To Woodstock, 15. Summersville, 22. Branch- 
ville, 62. Midway, 72. Blacksville, 90. Aiken, 
120, Hamburg, 136. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARKS. 59 

4 
To Columbia^ by stage. 

Mines. 

Dorchester, 20. Four Holes Swamp, 37. Kerrs, 51. 
Orangeburg, 76. Conheim, 101. Columbia, 114. 

To Savannafiy Ga.y by stage. 

Guerin's Ferry, 11. Parker's, 28. Pocatilago, 60. 
Coosawhatchie, QQ. Hoggstown, 83. Savannah, 106. 



To Savannah, by steamboat. 

Fort Moultrie, 4. Coffin Land, 10. Stono Inlet, 21 . 
So. Edistolnlet, 48. St. Helena So., 51. Truncard's 
Inlet, 72. Hilton Head, 76. Bloody Point, 94. Sa- 
vannah, 111. Oldtown, 176- Wilmington, 184. 



To FayettevUle, N. C, by stage. 

Quinby Br., 25. Santee R., 44. Black Cr., 59. 
Port's F., 93. L. Pedee R., 123. Lumberton, 156. 
Fayetteville, 189. 



FROM CINCINNATI. 

To Louisville, by steamboat. 

Lawrenceburg, 24. Aurora, ''28. Rising Sun, 35. 
Fredericksburg, 55. Vevay, 65. Fort William, 75- 
Madison, 88. Westport, 109. Jetfersonville, 131. 
Louisville, 132. Thence to New Orleans, 1448 miles. 
See Louisville. 

\ 



60 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Pittsburg, hy steamboat. 

MiLlS, 

New Richmond, 21. Pt. Pleasant, 26. Moscow, 
32. Mechanicsville, 35. Augusta, 41. Ripley, 50. 
Maysville, 57. Manchester, 67. Portsmouth, 103. 
Burlington, 144. Guvandot, 151. Gallipolis, 185. 
Pt. Pleasant, 188. Letart's Is., 217. Belville, 247. 
Parkersburg, 264. Marietta, 277. Newport, 293. 
Sistersville, 310. Elizabethtown, 345. Wheeling, 
358. Warrentown, 366. Wellsburg, 372. Steuben- 
ville, 379. Fawcetstown, 401. Beaver, 420. Econ- 
omy, 429. Middletown,438. Pittsburg, 449. 



To Dayton, by canal. 

Reading, 12. Hamilton, 28. Middletown, 42. 
Franklin, 48. Miamisburg, 54. Dayton, 68. 

To Columbus, by stage. 

Reading, 10. Sharon, 15. Lebanon, 31. Waynes- 
ville, 40, Xenia, 55. Charleston, 73. London, 84. 
Georgesville, 96. Columbus, 109. 

Jo Greenville^ by stage. 

Mt. Pleasant, 11. Hamilton, 33. Newcomb, 41. 

Eaton, 49. Greenville, 77. 

To Indianapolis, by stage. 

Miami, 15.-, iHarrison, 23. Brookville, 40. Som- 
erset, 51. Rushville, 65. Indianapolis, 105. 



To Louisville, by stage. 
\ Lawrenceville, 23. Madison, 67. Louisville, 95. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 61 

To Lexington, by stage. 

Miles. 

Newport, 1. Gaines, 13. Theobolds, 25. George- 
town, 54. Lexington, 67. 

'; To Ckilkothe, by stage. 

Newton, 8. Batavia, 53. Williamsburg, 31. 
Hillsboro, 59. Bainbridge, 81. Chillicothe, 99. 



FROM CLEVELAND, (OHIO.) ^ 

To Buffalo, by steamboat. 

Fairport,30. Erie, 104. Westlield, 134. Dunkirk, 
1 49. Cattaraugus, 1 62. Buffalo, 190. 



To Detroit, by steamboat. 
Huron, 50. Sandusky, 60. Detroit, 135. 



To Portsmouth, by the Ohio canal. 

Ackou 37. New Portage, 47. Massillon, SS. Bo- 
lirai,80. New Philadelphia, 94. Guadenhutten, 107. 
Choshocton, 133. Newark," 173. Bloomfield, 225. 
Cercleville, 236. Chillicothe, 256. Piketon, 280. 
Portsmouth, 307. 



FROM COLUMBIA. 

To Charleston, by stage, via Orangeburg. 

Granby, 1. Conheim, 13. Orangeburg, 38. Kens, 
63. 

* 6 



^2 SISTAKCXS ON TH0R0UGHFAR28. 

FROM COLUMBUS, (0.) 

To Cincinnati, by stage. 

Miles. 

Georgeville. 13. London. 25. Charleston. 36. 
Xenia, 54. Waynesville, 69. Lebanon, 78. Sharon, 
94. Reading, 99. Cincinnati, 109. 



To Portsmouth, by stage. I 

Bloomfield, 17. Circleville, 26. Chillicothe, 45. 
Piketon, 64. Lucasville, 77. Portsmouth, 90. 



To Athens, by stage. 

Lythopolis, 21. Green Castle, 25. Lancaster, 32. 
Logan, 49. Nelsonville, 65. Millville, 69. Athens, 
76. 



To Wheeling, Va. by the National Road. 

Hebron, 28. Zane,sville,55. Cambrid^^e, 80. Fair- 
view, 101. St. Clairsville, 125. Wheeling, 133. 



To Portland, by stage. 

Worthington, 9. Delaware, 26. Norton, 37- Bucy- 
ms, 63. Portland, 118. 



To Cleveland, by stage. 

Granville, 27. Mt. Vernon, 47. Loudonville, 71. 
Wooster, 93. Jackson, 105. Medina, 117r Cleve- 
land, 144. 



DIBTAKCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 63 

To Portsmouth, by canal. 

Miles. 

Junction, 10. Bloomfield, 17. Circleville, 28. 
Chillicothe, 48. Piketon, 72. Portsmouth, 99. 

To Cleveland, by canal. 

Hebron, 34. Newark, 44. Coshocton, 84. Gnaden- 
hutten, 110. Bolivar, 136. Massillon, 148. Akron, 
J 81. Cleveland, 218. 

FROM DETROIT. 

To Cincinnati, by stage. 

R. Rouge, 6. Brownstovs^n, 16. Monroe, 36. 
Perrysburg, 65. Finley, 105. Hardin, 136. Belle- 
fontaine, 158. West Liberty, 166. Urbana, 177. 
Springfield, 191. Yellow Springs, 200. Xenia, 209. 
Waynesville, 224. Lebanon, 233. Reading, 264. 
Cincinnati. 264. 



To Buffalo, by steamboat. 

^ Sandwich, 3. Fighting Island, 8. GrosseLlS. Am- 
herstburg, 19. Middle Sister, 39. Bass I. 56. San- 
dusky, 75. Cleveland, 135. Fairport, 165. Erie, Pa. 
239. Westfield, 269. Dunkirk, 284. Cattaraugus, 
297. Buffalo, 325. 



To Chichago, by stage. 

"^ R.Rouge, 10. Ypsilanti, 28. Jackson, 39. Jonee- 
ville, 86. Factory, 102. Post 0. St. Joseph's River, 
152. Edwardsville, 172. Calamic River, 253. Chi- 
cago, 267. 



64 . DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARXS- 

To CkicagOy via Montcalm. 

Milks. 

" Schwartzburg, 20. Dexter, 49. Montcalm, 74. 
Kalmazoo, 137. Mouth of St. Joseph, 184. Chicago 
by steamboat, 248. 



To Chicago, by steamboat. 

' Grants Pt. 12. Horsons I. 30. Cottrellville, 38. 
Palmer, 50. Bunceville, 56. Fort Gratiot, 63. White 
Rock, 105. Pt. au Barques, 140. Thunder Island, 
170. Middle I. 195. Presque I. 255. Mackinaw, 
310. Beaver I. 355. Manitou I. 390. Chicago, 640. 



To Ft. Howard, Green Bay, by steamboat. 

Beaver I. as above, 355. I. Brule, 385. G. Tra- 
verse, 395. Chambers I. 420. Green I. 435. Fort 
Howard, 475. 



To Saginaw, by stage. 
Pontiac,24. Indian Vil. 59. Saginaw, 93. 



To Fort Gratiot, by stage. • 

Mt. Clemens, 20. Palmer, 46. Bunceville, 52. 
Ft. Gratiot, 59. 



FROM GALENA, (ILL.) 

To St. Louis, by steamboat. 

Mississippi River, 4. Apple Creek, 18. Rash 
Creek, 26. Plum Creek, 36. Maradozia, 46. Fort 



DISTANCIS ON THOROUGHFARES. 66 

Miles. 

Armstrong, 70. Copper Creek, 96. Fort Edwards, 
196. Hannibal, 237. Louisiana, 262. Illinois River, 
333. Missouri River, 351. St. Louis, 371. 



Jo Prairie du Chien. 

N. boundary of II. 17. L. Platte, Cr. 24. Grant, 
Cr. 30. Cassville, 44. Prairie du Chien, 68. 



To Fort Winnebago, by land. 

Gratiot's Grove, 15. Dodgeville, 45. Moundville, 
59. Fort Winnebago, 113. 

To Chicago, by land, 169. 

To Vandalia, by land. 

Rock River, 65. Peoria, 141. Springfield, 206. 
Vandalia, 261. 



HARTFORD THOROUGHFARES. ■ 

To New Haven, by stage. 

Newington, 6. Worthington, 12. Meriden, 18. 
Wallingford, 22. North Haven, 31 . New Haven, 36. 

To New Haven, via Middletown, by stage. 

Stepney, 8. Middletown, 16. Durham, 23. North- 
ford, 3 1 . New Haven ,41. 
6* 



66 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARKS. 

To Boston, by stage. 

M1LC8. 
Ellington, 14. Tolland, 19. Willington, 26. Ash- 
ford, 28. Thompson, 48. Douglass, 62. Mendon, 
74. Med way, 83. Dover, 95. Brooklyne, 106. 
Boston, 110. 



To Providence, by stage. 

Ashford, as above, 28. Pomfret, 42. Killingly, 48. 
Providence, 74. 



To JVew London, by stage. 

Glastenbury, 7. Marlboro, 18. Colchester, 26 
New Salem, 33. Chesterfield, 39. New London, 46. 



To Springfield, by stage. 

Windsor, 7. Warehouse Pt. 14. Enfield, 18 
Springfield, 28. 



To Worcester, by stage. 

Tolland, 19. Stafford Spr. 27. Stafford Ch. 29, 
Sturbridge, 52. Charlton, 62. Worcester, 72. 

To Salisbury, by stage. 

Northington, 9. Canton, 14. Winsted, 26. Nor- 
folk, 36. N. Canaan, 41. Salisbury, 48. 



To Litchfield, by stage. 

Farmington, 10. Burlington, 19. Harwinton, 26. 
Litchfield, 34. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARKS. 67 

To Danbury, by stage. 

Miles. 

Farmington, 10. Bristol, 17. Plymouth, 23. Wa- 
tertown, 30. Woodbury, 37. Newtown, 52. Dan- 
bury, 61. 



_ FROM INDIANAPOLIS. 

To J^ew Albany, by stage. 
Franklin, 20. Edinburg, 30. Columbus, 42. 
Brownstown, 67. Vallona, 70. Salem, 89. Green- 
Tille, 113. N. Albany, 122. (Thence to Louisville, 
K. 3 miles.) 



To Cincinnati, by stage. 
Rushville, 40. Somerset, 54. Brookeville, 65. 
Harrison, 82. Miami, 90. Cincinnati, 105. 



To Vincennes, by stage. 
Port Royal, 16. Martin ville, 30. Spencer, 54. 
Bloomfield, 77. Vincennes, 122. 



To Vandalitty II. by stage. 
Belville, 20. Greencastle R. 37. Terrehaute, 70. 
Embarrass R. 115. Ewington, 140. Vandalia, 170. 



To Covington, by stage. 
JJrawfordsville, 50. Covington, 79. 



To Wayne, by stage. 
Connerstown, 17. Noblesville,21. Strawtown, 28. 
Wayne, 111. 



68 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Columbus, O. hy stage. 

Miles. 

Greenfield, 20. Centreville, 64. Richmond, 70. 
Lewisburg, 87. York, 103. Springfield, 129. Colum- 
bus, 172. 



FROM LANCASTER. 

To Philadelphia, hy stage. 

Soudersburg, 8. Coatesville, 25. Downington, 32. 
Paoli, 44. Philadelphia, 64. 

To Philadelphia^ by railroad. 

Soudersburg, 9. Mine Ridge, 17. Coatesville, 29. 
Downingstown, 37. Schuylkill river, QQ. Philadel- 
phia, 69. 

To Harrisburg, by railroad. """■ 

Mountjoy, If. Elizabethtown, 19. Middletown, 
26. Harrisburg, 35. 

To Pittsburg. 

Columbia, by railroad, 13. York, by railroad, 24. 
Abbolstown, by railroad, 39. Gettysburg, by rail- 
road, 53. Chambersburg, by Railroad, 78. M'Con- 
nellstown, 97. Bedford, 128. Stoystown, 156. 
Laughlintown, 172. Youngstown, 185. Greensburg, 
195. Stuartsville, 208. Pittsburg, 227. 

To Reading, by stage. 
Ephrata. 13. Adams, 22. Reading, 31. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 69 

FROM LEXINGTON. 
To Louisville, by railroad. 

MiLEl. 

' ToElkhornR.,10. Franklin Co. line, 20. Frank- 
ford, 27. Shelby Co. line, 34. Ballardsville road, 62. 
Brownsboro, 74. Middletown, 80. Louisville, 94. 



To Louisville, by stage. 

Frankfort, 24. Shelbyville, 45. Middletown, 65. 
Louisville, 77. 



To Nashville, Penn. 

'' Shakertown, 2. Harrodsburg, 10. Perryville, 20. 
Lebanon, 37. New Market, 43. Summerville, 63. 
Glasgow, 94. Scottsville, 118. Gallatin, 151. Hays- 
boro, 170. Nashville, 176. 



To Cincinnati, 0. 

Georgetown, 12. Harrisons, 30. Theobalds, 41. 
Gaines, 54. Cincinnati, 66. 



FROM LITTLE ROCK, ARK. 

To the Mouth of the Arkansas, by steamboat. 

Candle Point, 50. Pine Bluff, 75. New Gascony, 
92. Heccaloo, 117. Arkansas, 162. Mouth of the 
Arkansas, 206. 

To Fort Smith. 
Cadron, 34. Lewisburg, 47. Pt. Remove, 49. 



70 DISTANCES OM THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

Dardanelle, 62. Takatoka, 68. Scotia, 74. Spaldry 
Bluff, 89. Arkansas Ferry, 114. Crawford, C. H., 
133. 'Fort Smith, 158. 



To Columbia- 
Cross Roads, 18. Des Arc, 35. L. Red R., 64. 
White River, 88. Rock, P. 0., 104. Strawberry, 116. 
Jackson, 133. Columbia, 148. 



To Memphis. 

Bayou Meteau, 12. Cache, P. 0., 66, Walnut 
Camp, 85. St. Francis, J 19. Marion, 149. Mem- 
phis, 159. 



FROM LOUISVILLE. 

To Lexington, by stage. 

Middletown, 1 2. ^ Shelby ville, 32. Frankfort, 53. 
Lexington, 77. 

To Nashville y Ten.^ by stage. 

West Point, 21. Elizabethtown, 43. Coombsville, 
52. MunfordsvilJe, 73. Glasgow, 93. Scottsville, 
117. Gallatin, 137. Nashville. 162. 



To Indianapolis, by stage. 

New Albany, 3. Greenville, 12. Salem, 36. 
Valona, 55. Brownstown, 58. Columbus, 83. Ed- 
inburg, 95. Franklin, 105. Indianapolis, 125. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 71 

To VincenneSy by stage. 

MlUM- 

New Albany, 3. Greenville, 12. Fredericksburg, 
27. Paoli, 45. Mt Pleasant, 70. Washington, 88. 
Vincennes, 108. 

To Cincinnati, by stage. 

Charleston, 13. Bethlehem, 26. New London, 34- 
Madison, 46. Aurora, 77. Lawrenceburg, 80. Cin- 
cinnati, 103. 

To Troy, by stage. 

New Albany, 3. Corydon, 19. Fredonia, 35. 
Troy, 63. 

To JlopkinsvUle, by stage. 

West Point, 21. Philadelphia, 37. Hardinsburg, 
59. Hartford, 95. Greenville, 118. Hopkinsville, 
145. 

To Lexington, by railroad. 

Middletown, 14. Brownsboro, 20. Ballardsville 
road, 32. Shelby Co. line, 60. Frankford. 67. 
Franklin Co. line, 74. So. Eikhorn R., 84. Lexing- 
ton, 94. 

To Springfield, by Stage. 

Shepardsville, 23. Bardstown, 41. Fredericks- 
burg, 61. Springfield, 59. 

To Pittsburg, by steamboat. 
West Point, 23. Madison, 44. Port William, 57. 



72 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles, 
Vevay, 67. Fredericksburg, 77. Lawrenceburg,108. 
Cincinnati, 132. New Richmond, 153. Point Pleas- 
ant, 158. Augusta, 173. Marysville, 189. Ports- 
mouth, 235. Burlington, 276. Gallipolis, 317. 
Letart's Rapids, 349. Belville, 379. Parkersburg, 
396. Marietta, 409. Wheeling, 480. Steubenville, 
511. Pittsburg, 581. 



To Neiu Orleans, by steamboat. 

Northampton, 42. Leavenworth, 59. Stephens- 
port, 92. Rockport, 145. Owensburg, 153. Evans- 
ville, 188. Henderson, 199. Mt. Vernon, 221. Car- 
thage, 233. Shawneetown, 252. Cave in Rock, 272. 
Cumberland R., 313. Tennessee R., 324. America, 
360. Mouth of Ohio, 371. New Madrid, 436. Lit- 
tle Prairie, 460. Memphis, 585. Arkansas R., 757. 
Vicksburg, 1041. Natchez, 1144. St. Francisville, 
New Orleans, 1448. 



To St. Louis, by steamboat. 

Mouth of Ohio, as above, 371. Elk Island, 379. 
Dogtooth L, 387. Enghsh L, 401. Cape Girardeau, 
412. Bainbridge, 422. Muddy river, 436. LaCour» 
452. Mary's R., 466. Saline R., 475.. St. Gene- 
vieve, 483. Ft. Chartres, 495. Herculaneum, 514. 
Harrison, 519. Merrimac R., 526. Carondelet, 538. 
St. Louis, 544. 



FROM MEMPHIS. 
To Neio Orleans, by steamboat. 
Aikansas river, 172. Vicksburg, 456. Natchez, 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 73 

Miles. 

559. St. Francisville, 698. Baton Rouge, 732. New 
Orleans, 863. 

To Louisville, by steamboat. 
Greenock, 12. Randolph, 42. Fulton, 48. Little 
Prairie, 105. New Madrid, 141. Columbus, 185. 
Mouth of Ohio, 202. America, 213. Shawneetown, 
321. Carthage,, 340. Mt. Vernon, 352. Henderson- 
ville, 374. Evansville, 385. Owensberg, 420. Rock- 
port, 428, Stephensport, 481. Leavenworth, 514. 
Northampton, 631. Louisville, 573. 



To Little Rock, Ark. 

Marion, 10. St. Francis, 40. Walnut Camp, 74. 
Cache P. 0., 93. Bayou Meteau, 147. Little Rock, 
159, 



To Nashville. 

Summerville, 43. Bolivar, 67. Jackson, 95. Hun- 
tingdon, 133. Reynoldsburg, 162. Charlotte, 201. 
Nashville, 240. 

To Florence, Al. 
Raleigh, 9. Summerville, 43. Bolivar, 67. Purdy. 
97. Savannah, 113. Florence, 163. 



FROM MOBILE. 

To New Orleans. 

Springhill, by stage, 6. Portersville, 30. (Thence 
to New Orleans by steamboat and railroad, 123 miles.) 
7 



74 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES, 

To Montgomery » by stage. 

Taltfiville, 35. Burnt Corn, 87. Fort Dale, 132. 
Montgomery, 180. 

To LeakesvUle, by stage. 
Escatappa R., 28. Chickasawhay R., 48. Leakes- 
ville, 59. 

To Tuscaloosa, by stage. 
Florida, 31. Dumfries, 46. St. Stephens, 70. 
Clarksville, 84. Choctaw corner, 112. Whitehall, 
152. Greensboro, 177. Tuscaloosa, 208. 



To Tuscaloosa, by steamboat. 
Fort Stoddart, 47. Dumfries, 62. St. Stephens, 93. 
Coffeeville, 111. Demopolis, 198. Erie, 228. Tus- 
caloosa, 285. 

To Montgomery, by steamboat. 
Tomheckbee R., 51. Fort Mimms, 59. Claiborne, 
104. Black Bluff, 130. Canton, 180. Portland, 194. 
Cahawba, 216. Selma, 231. Vernon, 275. Wash- 
ington, 29 1 . Montgomery, 301 . 



To Pensacola, by steamboat. 
Dog R., 10. Fowl R., 16. Fort Bowyer, 34. 
Perdido R., 64. Barancas, 79. Pensacola, 89. 



To Pensacola, ly stage, ^c. 
Blakely, by steamboat, 1 1 . Beliefontaine, by Btage, 
37. Pensacola, 74. 



DISTANCIS ON THOROUGHFARES. 7& 

FROM MONTREAL. 



To QuebeCy by steamboat ; {the distances by land are 
nearly the same.) 

MiLCt. 

St. Sulpice, by stage, 27. La Valtrie, 32. La Noraye, 
42. William Henry, 53. Three River, 96. Gentilly, 
110. St. Anne, 125. Point aux Trembles, 163. 
Quebec, 180. 

To Albany, by steamboat and stage. 

La Prairie, by stage, 8. [By steamboat, St. John's^ 
25. Isle au Tsoix, 34. Chazy, 49. Plattsburg, 63. 
S. Hero, 71. Burlington, 80. Essex, 95. Bason 
Harbor, 104. Crown Point, 116. Ticonderoga, 130. 
Whitehall, 153.] [By stage. Fort Ann, 167. Sandy 
Hill, 176. Fort Miller, 187. Stillwater, 205. Troy, 
219. Albany, 225.] 

To Boston, by stage, via Burlington, Vt. 

St. Johns, 25. Phillipsburg, 48. St. Albans, 64. 
Milton, 77. Burlington, 89. Richmond, 103. Mont- 
pelier, 129. Chelsea, 153. Dartmouth Col., 178. 
Shaker's Vil., 189. Andover, 211. Concord, N. H., 
235. Hookset Falls, 243. Londonderry, 262. An- 
dover, 282. Boston, 303. 



To the Falls of Niagara, by steamboat, !fc. 

La Chine, 8. Cascades, 24. Les Cedres, 31. 
Coteau du Lac, 38. Lake St. Francis, 42. Head of 
ditto, 64. Cornwall, 70. Long Saut I., 80. Chrys- 
ler's Field, 97. Hamilton, 98. Prescot, 116. Eliza- 
bethtown, 130. Kingston, 178. Oswego,' 236. 
Coburg, 310. Port Hope, 346. Toronto, (York,) 



76 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

,' wni" Miles. 

412. Niagara Vil, 442. Queenston/ 449. Falls 
of Niagara, 455. 



FROM NASHVILLE. 

To Florence, Ala., by stage. 

Franklin, 18. "" Columbia, 41. Mt. Pleasant, 52. 
Lawrenceburg, 74. Florence, 115. 



To MemphiSy by stage. 
Charlotte, 39. Eeynoldsburg, 78. Huntingdon, 
107. Jackson, 145. Bolivar, 173. Summerville, 
197. Memphis, 240. 

To Knoxville, by stage. 
Lebanon, 28. Alexandria, 46. Liberty, 54. Sparta, 
86. Crab Orchard, 124. Kingston, 144. Loveville, 
167. Knoxville, 181. 

To Huntsville, by stage. 
Nolensville, 17. Gideonville, 38. Farmington, 50. 
Fayetteville, 77. Hazel Green, 94. Huntsville, 106. 



To Lexington, Ky., by stage. 
Haysboro, 6. Franklin, K., 35. Bowling green, 
57. Monroe, 108. New Market, 139. Harrodsburg, 
173. Lexington, 202. 

To New Orlerns, by steamboat. 
Hillsboro, 20. Ciarkesville, 69. Palmyra, 75. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 77 

Miles. 

Dover, 107. Eddyville, 162. Ohio River, 203. 
America, 250. Memphis, 475. Vicksburg, 931. 
Natchez, 1034. New Orleans, 1338. 



To Louisville^ by steamboat. 

Ohio River, as above, 203. Rock Haven, 237. 
Shawneetown, 264. Carthage, 283. Mt. Vernon, 
295. Hendersonville, 317. Rockport, 371. ^ Leaven- 
worth, 457. Louisville, 516. 



ROUTES FROM NEW YORK. 

To Albany, by steamboat. 

FortGansevort, 2. Hamilton's Monument, 4. Man- 
hattan ville, 7. Fort Lee, 10. Spuyten Duyvel Creek, 
12. Phillipsburg, 16. Dobb's Ferry, 22. Tappan 
Landing, 25. Tarry town, 26. Nyack, on Tappan sea, 
29. Sparta and State prison, 32. Tellers Point, 34. 
Haverstraw and Croton, 35. Stony Point, 38. Ver- 
plank's Point, 39. Peekskill,41. St. Anthony's nose, 
43. Fort Clinton, 44. West Point, 51. [The High- 
lands, Crows Nest Mt, 55. Butter Hill, 56. Cald- 
well, 57. Canterbury, 58.] New Windsor, 59. New- 
burg, west side, 61. Fishkill landing, east side, 61. 
Hamburg, 67. Hampton, 68. Barnegat, 70. Pou- 
keepsie, 75. Hyde Park, 80. Pelham, 83. Walkill 
Or., 89. Rhinebeck, 90. Redhook, L. L., 96. Glas- 
gow, 99. Redhook, U. L., 100. Saugerties, 101. 
Bristol, 102. Catskill,lll. (Thence to Pine Orchard, 
14 miles.) Hudson and Athens, 116. Columbiaville, 
121. Coxsackie, 124. Kinderhook landing, 125. 
New Baltimore, 130. Coeymans, 132. Schodack, 
134. Casaeton,135. Albany, 145. For routes from 
7* 



78 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

Albany, see article " Albany." The stage route from 
New York to Albany, does not difier materially from 
the above. 



To Boston, by steamboat. 
Newtown Creek, 4. Hell Gate, 9. Flushing Bay, 
13. Throg's Point, 16. Cow Neck, 18. New 
Rochelle L., 24. West Greenwich, 35. Stamford, 
43. Oldwell, 51. Southport, 59. Black rock, 64. 
Stratford Point, 71. New Haven harbor, 83. (Thence 
to New Haven, four miles.) Falkner's Is., 95. Ham- 
monasset Pt., 103. Connecticut river, 114. New 
London harbor, 128. (Thence to New London, four 
miles.) Fisher's Is., 133. Point Judith, 163. Beaver 
Tail, (Narraganset bay,) 172. Newport, 177. Bristol 
harbor, 187. Pawtuxet, 197. Providence, 202. 
JBoston, by land, 245. 



To Montauk Point, by stage. 
Jamaica, 11. Dix Hills, 29. Smithtown, 40. 
Carmeau, 58. Morriches, 68. Quag, 77. S. Hamp- 
ton, 91. B. Hampton, 98. Montauk Point, 121. 



To Philadelphia, via South Amboy, SfC. 
[By S. Bt., Castle Williams, 1. Bedlow's Island 2. 
Kills, 5. Ryers Ferry, 7. Newark bay, 8. Eliza- 
bethtown pt., 12. Rah way river, 16. Perth Amboy, 
25. South Amboy, 27.] [By R. R., Spotswood, 36. 
West's, 40. Rocky Brook, 48. Centreville, 52. 
Bordentown, 61.] [By S. Bt., Bristol, 71. Burlington, 
72. Point no point, 86. Philadelphia, 91.] 



To Philadelphia, by railroad, via Trenton. 
Jersey City, 1 . Hackensack river, 5. Newark, 10. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 79 

Miles. 

Bound Brook, 13. Elizabethtown, 16. Rahway, 19. 
Matonc.hin, 25. New Brunswick, 30. Sand Hills, 39. 
Williamsburg, 46. Clarks,49. Trenton, 57. Tyburn, 
60. Tullytown, 63. Bristol, 67. Dunksville, 71. 
Pennepack Creek, 75. Frankford, 79. R. R. Depot, 
83i State H. Philadelphia, 85t 



To Philadelphia, via JVew Brunswick^ 8fc. 

[By S. Bt., Perth Amboy, 25. New Brunswick, 37.] 
(By stage, Kingston, 51. Princeton, 54. Trenton, 64.] 
(By S. Boat, Bordentown, 70. Philadelphia, 100.] 



T'o Philadelphia, hy stage. 

Newark, 10. Elizabethtown, 16. Rahway, 21. 
New Brunswick, 34. Kingston, 47. Princeton, 50. 
Trentpn, 60. Bristol, 71. Holmsburg, 82. Frank- 
lord, 86. Philadelphia, 91. 



To Easton, Pa.^ by stage. 

Newark, 10. Morristown, 29. Chester, 42. Schoo- 
ley's Mt. Springs, 50. Mansfield, 61. Easton, 76. ^ 



To Ithaca, JST. Y. 

Newark, 10. Pompton,31. Snufftown, 43. Deck- 
ertown, 55. Milford, 72. Wilsonville, 96. Rixes 
Gap, Pa., 111. Montrose, 145. [By R. R., Owego, 
177. Ithaca, 207.] 



To J^ew Haven, Con. by stage. 

West Chester, 15. Mamaronec, 23. Rye, 29. 
West Greenwich, 31. Stamford, 38. Norwalk, 47. 



9S^ DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

Saugatuck, 51. Southport, 55. Fairfield, 58. Bridge- 
port, 62. Stamford, 66. Milford, 71. New Haven, 
82. 



Route from JSTew York to Boston, by steamboat to Sto- 
nington, and thence by railroad to Boston. 

Hell Gate, by S. Bt., 9. Flushing bay, 13. Throg's 
Point, 16. New Kochelle L., 24. Stamford, 41. 
Stratford Point, 67. New Haven, 80. Faulkner's 
Islands, 92. Connecticut river. 111. River Thames, 
125. [By R. R., Stonington, 141. Kingston, 164. 
Providence, 188. Mansfield, 205. Boston, 229.] 



From JVew York to Boston, by steamboat to JVorunch, 
Conn., and thence to Boston by railroad. 

River Thames, 1 25. New London, 129. iNorwich, 
145. Jewett's City, 154. Canterbury, 160. West- 
field, 172. Thompson, 184. Oxford, 194. Worces- 
ter, 204. Boston, 248. 



JVoTU JVew York to Boston, by steamboat to Bridgeport, 
Conn., and thence by railroad to Boston. 

Bridgeport, 60. Newtown, 80. New Milford, 96. 
Kent, 108. Cornwall, 120. Canaan Falls, 126. West 
Stockbridge, 154. Springfield, 216. Worcester, 270. 
Boston, 314. 



fVom JVew York to Hartford, by steamboat to JVew 
Haven, and thence by railroad to Hartford. 

New Haven, 80. Wallingford, 92. MerrideD, 9a. 
Hartford, 116. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 81 

From New York to Albany, by steamboat to Bridgeport, 
and thence by railroad to Albany. 

Miles. 

Bridgeport, 60. West Stockbridge, 154. ' Albany, 
195. 



From JVew York to Easton, Pa. by railroad to Morris- 
town, ani thence to Easton by stage. 

Newark, 10. Morristown, 30. Mendham, 37. 
Chester, 42. German Valley, 47. Schoooley's Mt'n. 
Springs, 50. Mansfield, 59, Easton, 74. 



JVew York to Passaic Falls, by railroad. 
Jersey City, 1. Bergen, 3. Acquackanonk, 12. 
Paterson and Falls, 17. 



From JVew York to Philadelphia, by railroad, via Tren- 
ton and Camden. 

Newark, 10. Elizabethtown, 16. Rah way, 19. 
Matouchin, 25." New Brunswick, 30. Princeton 
Depot, 46. Trenton, 57. Bordentown, 65. Burling- 
ton, 75. Camden, 95. Philadelphia, 96. 



FROM NEW HAVEN. 

To New York, by stage. 

Milford, 11. Stratford. 16. Black Rock, 22. 
Southport, 27. Saugatuck, 31. Norwalk, 35. 
Stamford, 44. West Greenwich, 51. Rye, 55. Mam- 
aroneck, 61 . West Chester, 69. New York, 84. 

To Net!) York, by steamboat. 
Black Rock, 23. Southport, 28. Oldwell, 36. 



$$ DISTAMCXS on THOROUGHFARES. 

Stamford Harbor, 44. West Greenwich, 52. New- 
York, 87. 

To Providence, by steamboat. 

Faulkner's Island, 16. Connecticut R., 35. New 
London Harbor, 49. (Thence to New London 4 miles.) 
Point Judith, 85. Newport, 98. Pawtuxet, 118. 
Providence, 123. 



To Danbury, by stage. 

Derby, 10. Housatonic Ferry, 13. New Strafford, 
17. Newton, 25. Danbury, 34. 

To Granby, by canal 

East Plains, 6. Hamden,8. Cheshire, 16. South- 
ington, 32. Farmington, 33. Northington, 40. 
Simsbury, 47. Granby, 52. 

' To Hartfordy by stage. 

North Haven, 5. Wallingford, 14. Meriden, 18. 
Worthington, 24. Newington, 30. Hartford, 36. 



To Hartford, via Middletown. 

'' Northford, 10. Durham, 18. Middletown, 26. 
Stepney, 33. Hartford, 41. 

7o Kewpoiij by stage. 
Branford, 8. ^Guilford, 18. E. Guilford, 22. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 83 

Milks. 

Westbiook, 31. Connecticut K., 37. New London, 
54. Mystic, 62. Newport, 101. 



FROM NEW-ORLEANS. 

To Louisville, by steamboat. 

Arnaud's Point, 13. Red Church, 22. Destretch- 
€n's Pt., 34. Bonnet Q. Bend, 36. B. Quarre Church, 
41. Cantrell's Church, 60. Bringlers, 68. Hamptons, 
73. Doiialdsonville, 78. St. Gabriels, 102. Plaque- 
mine, 108. Baton Rouge, 126. Thomas Pt., 137. 
Thompson's Cr., 149. St. Francisville and Pt. Coupee, 
159. Tunica, 186. Red River, 208, Fort Adams, 217. 
Homochilto R., 227. White Cliffs, 254. Natchez, 
271. Coles Creek, 293. Rodney, 312. Bruinsburg, 
316. Grand Gulf and Big Black River, 330. Point 
Pleasant, 340. Palmyra, 353. Warrenton, 367. 
Vicksburg, 377. Yazoo River, 389. Tompkins, 421. 
Providence, 447. Princeton, 455. Old River, 503. 
Pt. Chicot, 515. Arkansas R., 574. White R., 583. 
Helena, 643. St. Francis L, 657. 35 © N. Lat., 705. 
Noncona R., 715. Memphis, 719. Greenock, 731. 
3d Chickasaw Bluff, 749. Randolph, 761. Fulton, 
767. Plum Pt. 778. Needham's Cut-off, 804. Little 
Prairie, 824. Riddle's Pt. 847. New Madrid, 860. 
Mills Pt., 888. Columbus, 904. Mouth of Ohio, 921. 
America, 932. Tennessee R., 968. Cumberland R., 979. 
Rock Cave, 1020. Shawneetown, 1040. Carthage, 
1059. Mt. Vernon, 1071. Hendersonville, 1093. 
Evansville, 1104. Owensburg, 1139. Rockport, 
1147, Stephensport, 1200. Leavenworth, 1233. 
Northampton, 1250. Louisville, 1292. (Forcontinu- 
ation to Cincinnati, Pittsburg, &c., see Louisville.) 



84 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To St Louis, by steamboat. 

Miles. 

Mouth of Ohio, as above, 991. Tyawappita B., 950. 
Cape Girardeau, 963. Bainbridge, 972. Muddy JR., 
985. Kaskaskia R., 1016. St. Genevieve, 1033. 
Chartierl., 1044. Herculaneum, 1063. MaramacR., 
1074. Carondelet, 1086. St. Louis, 1090. 



l~ To Balize and Gulf of Mexico, by steamboat. 

Battle Ground, 5. English Turn, 11. Fort St. 
Leon, 16. Poverty Pt., 34. Grand Prairie, 61. 
Fort St. Philip, 70. S. W. Pass, 79. South Pass, 
81. Passa'Loutre, 83. Balize, 87. Gulf, 92. 



Jo Natchitoches, by steamboat. 

Red River, as above, 208. Ouachita, 244. Bayou 
Saline, 264. Alexandria, 318.^ Bayou Cane, 378. 
Natchitotches, 402. 

• To Little Rock, by steamboat. *- 

Arkansas R., as above, 574. Arkansas, 601. 
Harrington's, 644. Vaugine's, 667. Little Rock, 748. 



To Mobile, by steamboat and stage. 

L. Ponchartrain, by railroad, 5. [By s. boat, Pt. Aux 
Herbes, 20. Ft. Coquilles, 27. L. Borgne, 38. Grand 
Island, 47. St. Joseph's Island, 51. W. Marianne, 
57. E. Marianne, 62. Cat Island, 72. Deer Island, 
89. Krebsville Harbor, 107. Portersville, 123.] 
Mobile, by stage, 153. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHrARES. 85 

To St. Stephens by stage. 

Miles. 

Madisonville, 32. Jacksonville, 72. Leakesviile, 
138. Chickasawhay R., 155. St. Stephens, 179. 



To Natchez. 



Madisonville, by steamboat, 32. Liberty, by stage. 
101. Natchez, by stage, 151. 



To Berwick's Bay, and thence to Opelousas. 

Donaldsonville, 78. Veret Canal, 92. S. end Canal, 
99. Lake Palouide, 112. Berwick's Bay, 122. 
Franklin, 143. Fausse Pt., 170. St. Martinsville, 
178. Opelousas, 214. 



To Nashville by stage, via Florence, Ala. 

L Ponchartrain, 5. Madisonville, 32. Covington, 
39. Jacksonville, 72. Columbia, 102. Ellisville, 
150. Old Church, 197. Koomsha, 242. Columbus, 
310. Pikeville, 374. Kusselville, 404. Florence, 
426. Lawrenceburg, 467. Mt. Pleasant, 489. Co- 
lumbia, 500. Franklin, 523. Nashville, 541. 



FROM NIAGARA. 

To Montreal, via Lake Ontario, by steamboat, 8fc. 

Queenston,6. Niagara Vil., 13. Toronto, (York,) 
43. Port Hope, 109. Coburg, 145. Oswego, 219- 
Duck's Island, 242. Kingston, 277. Elizabethtown, 
325. Prescot, 339. Hamilton, 357. Long Saut L, 
375. Cornwall, 383. Lake St. Francis, 391. Foot 
of do. 413. Coteau du Lac, 417. Les Cedres, 424. 
Cascades, 431. La Chine, 447. Montreal, 455. 
v8 



86 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Lockporty by railroad. 
Cayuga Cr. 1 1 . Cambria, 1 4. Lockport, 20. 



Mi 



To Rochester, hy stage. 

Levristown, 7. Cambria, 22. Hartland, 33. Oak 
Orchard, 47. Gainesville, 54. Clarkson, 69. Parma, 
76. Rochester, 87. 



To Buffalo, by stage, Canada side. 

Chippawa, 2. Waterloo, 17. Black rock, 18. Buf- 
falo, 19. 



To Buffalo, Am. side hy railroad. ' 

Schlosser, 2. Tomiewanta, 13. Black Rock, 22. 
Buflalo, 23. 



FROM PHILADELPHIA. 

To Pittsburg. 

[Rail Road. Fair Mount, 1. Viaduct over the 
Schuylkill, 3. Buck Tavern, 11. Spread Eagle, 16. 
Paoli, 21. Warren, 22. Valley Creek, 29. Down- 
ingtown, 32. Coatesville, 40. Gap Tavern, 51. 
Mine ridge, 52. Mill Creek, 57. Soudersburg, 60. 
Lancaster, 69. Mt. Pleasant, 77. Columbia,' 82.] 
Stage. York, 93. Abbotstown, 108. Gettysburg, 122. 
Chambersburg, 147. M'Connelstown, 166. Bedford, 
197. Shellsburg, 206. Stoystown, 225. Laughlin- 
town, 241 . Greensburg, 264. Pittsburg, 296. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 87 

To Pittsburgy via Harrisburg. 

■T: Miles. 

[Rail Road. Lancaster, 69. Mountjoy,81. Middle- 
town, 96. Harrisburg, 105. Carlisle, 123. Stough's 
T. 136. Shippensburg, 143. Chambersburg, 154.] 
Pittsburg, as above, 301. 



To Pittsburg, by Pennsylvania railroad and canal. " 

Columbia, as above, 82. Canal, [Marietta, 85. 
Bainbridge, 91. Falmouth, 95. Middletov^rn, 99, 
Highspire, 102. Harrisburg, 108. Blue Mt. Gap, 113. 
Port Dauphin, 116. Duncan's Isd. 125. Newport, 135. 
Thompsontown, 146. Mexico, 153. Mifflintown, 
157. Lewistown, 171. Waynesburg, 185. Augh- 
wich F's, 197. Huntingden, 214. Petersburg, 221. 
Alexandria, 228. Williamsburg, 240. Frankstown, 
250. Hollidaysburg, 253.] Johnstown, by R. R. 290. 
[Canal, Laurel Hill, 297. Lockport, 307. Chesnut 
Hill, 312. Blairsville, 320. Saltzburg, 336. War- 
rentown, 348. Leechburg, 358. Allegheny aqua. 361. 
Logan's Ferry, 376. Pittsburg, 394. 



To Erie, Pa. by sia^e. 

Manayunk,'7. Norristown, 16. Trap, 25. Potts- 
town, 35. Warrensburg, 40. Exetertown, 45. Read- 
ing, 52. Hamburg, 67. Orwigsburg, 78. Pottsville, 
86. Sunbury,122. New Berlin, 133. Milheim,158. 
Bellefonte, 1 79. Phillipsburg, 206. Curwinville, 225. 
Brookville, 262. Shippensville, 289. Franklin, 307. 
Meadville, 332. Wateriord, 355. Erie, 370. 



To Pottsville, by Schuylkill canal. 

Manayunk, 7. Flat Rock, 8. Spring Mills, 11. 
Norristown, 16. Phenixville, 28. Pottstown, 43. 



88 DISTANCES ON THOROUOHFARES. 

MlBBE. 

Unionville, 46. Birdsboro, 52. Reading, 64. Ham- 
burg, 87. Port Clinton, 91. Tunnel, 98. Schuyl- 
kill Haven, 101. Mount Carbon, 105. Poltsville, 106. 
Port Carbon, 108. 



To Bethlehem^ Pa. by stage. 

Siinville, 3. Germantown, 6. Flowertown, 11. 
Spring, 17. Montgomery, 21. Lexington, 25. Sel- 
lersville, 32. Quakertown, 37. Fryburg, 43. Beth- 
lehem, 51. 



To Eastoriy by stage. 

Shoemakertown, 9. Jenkintown,10. Abington,ll. 
Willowgrove, 13. Newville, 20. Doylestown, 24. 
Ottsville, 39. Easton, 56. 



To JVeto York, by stage. 

Frankford, 5. Holmsbiirg, 9. Bristol, 20. Tren- 
ton, 31. Princeton, 41. Kingston, 44. New Bruns- 
wick, 57. Milton, 70. Elizabethtown,75. Newark, 
81. New York, 91. 



To New York, by steamboat and stage. 

Burlington, by S. boat, 19. Bristol, do. 20. Borden- 
town, do. 30. Trenton, do. 36. Princeton, by Stage, 
46. New Brunswick, do. 63. Perth Amboy, by S. 
Boat, 75. New York, do. 1 00. 



To JVewYorky by steamboat and railroad. 
Bordentown, by S, Boat, 30, Centreville, by Rail R. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 89 

Miles. 

.39. Spotswood, 56. South Amboy, 64. Perth Am- 
boy, by S. Boat, 66. New York, 9 1 . 



To Baltimorey by railroad, via Wilmington, Sfc. 

Wilmington Rail Road, 1 . Gray's Ferry viaduct, 5. 
Chester, 14. Marcus H. Road, 18. Wilmington, 27. 
Newport, 31. Newark Road, 39. Elkton, 45. North- 
east, 51. Charleston, 54. Havre De Grace, 60. Bush 
River, 72. Gunpowder R. 79. Back River, 90. De- 
pot, 94. Baltimore, P. 0. 95. 



To Baltimore, hy steamboat and railroad. ' 

[Steamboat, Fort Mifflin, 8. Lazaretto, 13. Ches- 
ter, 18. Marcus Hook, 22. Christiana Cr. 30. New 
Castle, 35.] Frenchtown,by R, R. 51. Baltimore, by 
S. B. 120. 



To Baltimore, by stage. 

Darby, 6. Chester, 15. Wilmington,'28 ^Elkton, 
48. Havre De Grace, 64. Baltimore, 98. 



To Baltimore, by steamboat and canal. 

New Castle, as above, by steamboat, 35. Delaware 
City, 41. St. George's, by Canal, 46. Deep Cut, do. 
50. Bohemia, do. 55. Turkey Point, by S. boat, 65. 
Baltimore, do. 113. 



I To Cape May, by steamboat. 

Delaware City, as above, 41. Reedy Island, 46. 
8* 



90 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

Allaways Creek, 51. Bombay Hook, 63. Egg Island, 
80. Light Ho. C. May, 100. Cape Island, 102. 



To Cape May, by stage. 

Woodbury, 9. Jonesboro, 19. Malaga, 29. Mill- 
ville, 42. Port Elizabeth, 48. Dennis Creek, 62. 
Goshen, 66. Cape May, C. H. 70. Cold Spring, 79. 
Cape Island, 81. 



To Tuckerton, JV. Jer. by stage. 

Pensauken Creek, 9. Hampton, F. 26. Washing- 
ton, 35. Tuckerton, 49. 



To Long Branch. 

Bordentown,by S. B. 30. AlIentown,by stage, 37. 
Monmouth, do. 55. Eaton, do. 65. Long Branch, do. 
69. 



To Reading and Pottsville by railroad. 

Manayunk, 8. Morristown, 17. Trap, 26. Potts- 
town, 37. Warrensburg, 43. Exetertown, 48. Read- 
ing, 57. Hamburg. 78. Port Clinton, 82. Schuyl- 
kill Haven, 90. Pottsville, 95. 



To JVew York by railroad. 

Camden, 1. Burlington, 21. Bordentown, 31. 
Trenton, 39. Princeton Depot, 50. New Brunswick, 
66. Matouchin, 71. Rah way, 77. Elizabethtown^ 
80. Newark, 86. New York, 96. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHrARES. ^1 

FROM PITTSBURG. 

To Cincinnati, O., hy steamboat. 

Milks. 

Middletown, 11. Beavertown, 29. Fawcetstown, 
48. Steubenville, 70. Wellsburg, 77. Warrenton, 
83. Wheeling, 91. Elizabeth town, 104. Sistersville, 
139. Newport, 156. Marietta, 172. Parkersburg, 
185. Bellville, 202. Letarfs rapids, 232 Point Plea- 
sant, 261. Gallipolis, 264. Guyan(iot,298 Burling- 
ton, 305. Portsmouth, 346. Manchester, 382. Mays- 
ville, 392. Ripley, 399. Augusta, 408. Point Plea- 
sant, 423. Cincinnati, 449. (See Cincinnati.) 

To Philadelphia i by stage, Sfc. 

East Liberty, 5. Wilkinsburg, 8. Hovvardsville, 1 1 
Stewartsville, 19. Adamsburg, 25. Greensburg, 32 
Youngstown, 42. Laughlin, 55. Stoystown, 71 
Bedford,99. M'Connels T. 130. [By railroad. Cham 
bersburg, 149. Gettysburg, 174. York, 203. Colum 
bia, 214. Lancaster, 227. Downingtown, 264. Phi 
ladelphia, 296. 



To Philadelphia, by canal and railroad. 

Allegheny Aqueduct, 23. Blairsville, 74. Johns- 
town, 104. Hollidaysburg, R. R. 141. [By canal. 
Huntingdon, 180. Lewislown, 223. Duncan Island, 
269. Middletown, 295. Columbia, 312.] Philadel- 
phia, by R. R. 394. 

To Erie, Pa. by stage. 

Woodville, 18. Butler, 27. Centreville, 45. Mer- 
cer, 60. Georgetown, 75. Meadville, 90. Water- 
ford, 113. Erie, 128. 



92 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Wheeling, by stage. 

MiLEI. 

Findlaysville, 13. Washington, 24. Martinsburg, 
29. Claysville, 31. W. Alexander, 39. Wheeling, 
55. 



FROM PORTLAND. 

To Boston, by stage. 

Saco, 16. Kennebunk port, 26. Wells, 32. York, 
47. Portsmouth, 56. Hampton Falls, 69. Newbury- 
port, 78. Rowley, 83. Topsfieid, 91. Danvers, 96. 
Sangus, 104. Boston, 114. 



To Boston via Salem, by stage. 
Rowley, as above, 83. Ipswich, 88. Hamilton, 93. 
Wenham, 95. Beveily, 99. Salem, 102. Lynn, 107. 
Boston, 117. 

To Eastport, by stage. 
Freeport, 18. Brunswick, 27. Bath, 34. Wlscasset, 
49. Waldoboro, 67. Warren, 76. Thomastown, 80. 
Camden, 91. Belfast, 109. Castine, (by water,) 118. 
Bluebill, f28. Elsworth, 142. Franklin, 154. Cher- 
ryfield, 174. Columbia, 186. Machias,201. Whiting, 
216. Eastport, 231. 



To Quebec, by stage. 
Brunswick, 27. Bodoinham, 40. Gardner, 51. 
Hallowell, 55. Augusta, 58. Waterville, 75. Nor- 
ridgwock, 91. Solon, 111. Moscow, 124. Ferry 
over Kennobeck river, 141. Monument, 189. St. 
Joseph, 243. St. Henry, 271. Quebec, 283. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 95 

To Alfred. 

MlLM. 

Buxton, 15. Alfred, 29. 

To White Hills. 
Standish, 17. Hiram, 31. Boundary line, 41. 
Mt. Washington, 88. 

To Paris. 
Windham, 15. Raymond, 26. Olisfield, 37. Paris, 
50. 



FROM RALEIGH. * 

To Richmond, Va., by stage. 

Louisburg, 35. Warrenlon, 58. Lawrenceville, 
96. Petersburg, 146. Richmond, 167. 



To Edenton, by stage. 
Wakefield, 20. Tarboro, 66. Williamston, 100. 
Jamestown, 111. Plymouth, 124. Edenton, 138. 



To JVewbern, by stage. 
Smilhfield, 30. Waynesboro, 54. Kingston, 80. 
Newbern, 127. 

To Wilmington, by stage. 
Fayetteville, 58. Elizabeth, 97. Wilmington, 158. 



To Columbia, S C, by stage. 
Fayetteville, 58. Laurel Hill, 91. Cheraw, 119. 



94 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 



MiLEfi 

Evans Ford, 141. Lit. Lynches Cr., 162. Camden, 
174. Columbia, 206. 



To Knoxvillcy T., by stage. 
Branthys, 16. Pittboro, 36. Ashboro, 70. Salis- 
bury, 102. Statesville, 129. Morgantown, 167. 
Ashville, 229. Warm Springs, 265. Newport T., 
293. Dandridge T., 308. Knoxville T., 340., 



FROM READING. 

To Philadelphia, hy stage. 

Exetertown, 7. Warrenburg, 12. Pottstown, 17. 
Trap, 27. Norristown, 36. Manayunk, 45. Phila- 
delphia, 52. 

To Philadelphia, hy Schuylkill canal. 
Birdsboro, 12. Union ville, 18. Pottstown, 21. 
Phenixville, 36. Norristown, 48. Manayunk, 57. 
Philadelphia, 64. 

To Pottsville, by Schuylkill canal. 
Hamburg, 23. Port Clinton, 27. Schuylkill Haven, 
37. Pottsville, 42. Port Carbon, 44. 



To Pottsville, by stage. 
Maiden Creek, 7. Hamburg, 15. Port Clinton, 20. 
Orwigsburg, 26. Pottsville. 34. 

To Middletown, by Union canal. 
Berneville, 15. Womelsdorf, 25. Stouchstovtrn, 28. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 95 

Miles* 

Myerstown, 33. Lebanon, 41. Tunnel, 42. Swa- 
tara river, 49. QuittapahillaR., 60. Middletown, 79. 



To Lancaster, by stage. 
Adamstown, 9. Reamstown, 14. Ephrata, 18. 
Lancaster, 31. 

To Harrishurg, by stage. 

Sinking Spring, 4. Womelsdorf, 13. Myerstown, 
20. Lebanon, 26. Millerstown, 31. Palmyra, 37. 
Hummelstown, 43. Harrisburg, 52. 

To Easton, by stage. 
Kutztown, 17. Trexlerstown, 26. Allentown, 34. 
Bethlehem, 40. Easton, 50. 



FROM RICHMOND. 

To Norfolk, by steamboat. 

Warwick, 7. Osborn, 17. Eppes Island, 39. 
Windmill Point, 50. Jamestown, 74. Burrell's Bay, 
87. Newport News, 102. , Carney Island, 111. 
Norfolk, 117. 



To Baltimore, by steamboat 

Newport News, as above, 102. Fort Calhoun, 110. 
Old PL Comfort, 111. New Pt. Comfort, 134, Rap- 
pahannoc R., 156. Light Boat, 177. Cedar Point, 
209. Sharp's Island, 234. Herring Bay, 244. 
Thomas' Point, 256. Bodkin Point, 276. North Pt., 
279. ^Fort M'Henry, 286. Baltimore, 289. 



96 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Washington City, by stage. 

MlLBI. 

Hanover, C. H., 19. Bowling-green, 42. Frede- 
ricksburg, 64. Stafford, C. H., 73. Aquia, 78. 
Dumfries, 87. Occoquan, 96. Alexandria, 113. 
Washington, 122. 

To Raleigh, N. C, by stage. 

Petersburg, 21. Notoway R., 53. Lawrenceville, 
71. Roanoke R., 90. Warrenton, 109. Louisburg, 
132. Raleigh, 167. 



To Naif oik, by stage. 

Petersburg, 21. Cabin Point, 47. Surrey, C. H., 
61. Smithfield, 79. Nansemond R., 90. ^'o^folk, 
115. 



To Knoxville, Tenn., by stage.' 

Powhatan C. H., 32. Cumberland C. H., 57. 
Lynchburg, 113. New London, 124. Liberty, 139. 
Big Lick, 167. Salem, 174. Christiansburg, 201. 
Newbern, 218. Evansham, 246. Mt. Airy, 161. 
Abingdon, 302. Blountsville, 326. Kingsport, 343, 
Rogersville, 369. Rutledge, 400. Knoxville, 432. 



To Guyandot, via Warm Springs, by stage. 

Goochland C. H., 29. Columbia, 48. Monticello, 
65. Charlottesville and University of Virginia, 78. 
York. 97. Waynesboro, 103. Staunton, 115. Gap, 
132. Warm Springs, 168. Hot Springs, 173. White 
Sulphur Springs, 211. Lewisbura:, 221. Salt Works, 
303. Charleston, 307. Guyandot, 348. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 97 

To Winchester, via Harrisonburg, by stage. 

Mile*. 

So. Anna R., 21. Louisa C. H., 51. Gordonsville, 
66. Barboursville, 72. Stannardsville, 87. Ma- 
gaughey, T., 110. Harrisonburg, 121. Mt. Pleasant. 
146. Woodstock, 159. Strasburg, 170. Newtown, 
181. Winchester, 189. 



To Weldon, N. C, by railroad. 
Osborn, 18. Petersburg, 23. Stoney Creek, 40 
Nottoway R., 50. Hicksford, 62. Weldon, 82. 



To Yorktown, thence to Old Point Comfort. 

Bottoms Bridge, 15. Cross Roads, 20. New Kent 
C. H., 29. Hackaday's Spring, 42 Williamsburg, 
56. Yorktown^ 68. Hampton 88. Old Point, 91. 

To Harrisonburg. 

Louisa C. H., 51. Gordonsville, 66. Barbourville, 
72. Stannardsville, 87. Magaugheytown, 109. 
Harrisonburg, 121. 



To Staunton, via Charlottesville. 

Scuffletown, 3. Tirckahoe creek, 12. Goochland 
C. H., 29. Columbia, 48. Monticello, 76. Char- 
lottesville, 79. York, 98. Rockfish Gap, 101. 
Waynesboro, 104. Staunton, 116. From Staunton 
to the White Sulphur Springs, is 95 miles, by the stage 
road. 

^ To Lynchburg, by^ stage. 
Coal Mines, 13. Tower Hill, 27. Scottsville, 32. 



98 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

MiLXt, 

Cartersville, 47. New Canton, 63. Maysville, 87. 
Lynchburg, 132. 



FROM ROCHESTER. 

To Albany, by Erie Canal. 



Pittsford, 10. Palmyra, 29. Newark, 37. Lyons, 
44. Clyde, 53. Montezuma, 64. Jordan, 79. 
Syracuse, 99. Manilas, 108. Canistota, 124. Rome 
145. Utica, 160. Ltttle Falls, 182. Canajoharie, 
201. Amsterdam, 224. Schenectady, 240. Albany, 
268. 



To Buffalo, by Erie Canal. 

Ogden, 12. Adam's Basin, 15. Brock port, 20. 
Holly, 25. Albion, 35. Wrightsville, 46. Middle- 
port, 55. Lockport, 64. Pendleton, 73. Tonne- 
wanta, 83. Bufialo, 95. 



To Niagara Falls.'^t 

Parma, by ridge road, 11. Clarkson, 18. Gaines- 
ville, 33. Oak Orchard, 40. Hartland, 54. Cambria, 
66. Lewistown, 81. Niagara Falls, 87. 



To Utica. 

Pittsford, 8. Mendon,lo. Bloomfield, 20. Canan- 
daigua, 29. Geneva, 45. Cayuga, 59. Auburn, 68. 
West Hills, 89. Lenox, 1 1 5. Utica, 141 . 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 99 

; To Buffalo, by stage. 

'\ Miles. 

Bergen, 17. Batavia, 30. Pembroke, 44. Ran- 
aom'6 Grove, 52. Williamsville, 60. Buffalo, 70. 



FROM SARATOGA SPRINGS. 

To Albany, by railroad. 
' Ballston Spa, 6. Schenectady, 20. Albany, 36. 



To Albany, via Waterford, 

Ballston Spa, 6. Waterford, 28, Troy, 32. Al- 
bany, 40. 



To Whitehall^ by stage. 

Northumberland, 4. Glenn's falls, and Sandy hill, 
19. Fort Ann, 29. Whitehall, 41. 



FROM SAVANNAH. 
' To Augusta, by steamboat. 

'" Arg;yle Island, 7. Isla I., 15. Purisburg, 31. 
Beck's Ferry, 36. Ebenezer, 46. Sister's Ferry, 65. 
Hudson's Ferry, 90. Blanket Point, 95. Brier Creek, 
111. Burton's Ferry, 135. Lower 3 runs, 146. 
Steel Creek, 158. Limestone Bluff, 171. Dog Ferry, 
174. Demairies Ferry, 185. Gray's Landing, 195. 
Wallicon's Ferry, 224. Augusta, 231. 



100 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 

To Charleston y by steamboat. 

MlLEI. 

Fort Jackson, 3. Elba Island, 8. Long I,, ll. 
Bloody Point, 17. Hilton Head, 35. Trancard's In- 
let, 39. Fripp"s Inlet, 51. St. Helena Sound, 60. 
S. Edislo Inlet, 63. N. Edisto Inlet, 76. Stono Inlet, 
90. Coffin I. L. House, 101. Fort Moultrie, 107. 
Charleston, 111. 



To Augusta, by stage. 

Abercorn, 17. Ebenezer, 25. Jacksonboro, 70. 
Augusta, 135. 

- TolMilledgeville, by stage. 

Gr. Ogeechee R., 20 Statesboro,49. Sandersville, 
135. Milledgeville, 163. 



To St. Mary's, by stage. 

Bryan, old C. H., 17. Riceboro, 34. Barrington, 
64. Buffalo Creek, 68. Scilla R., 78. Jefferson, 98. 
iSt. Mary's, 118. 

To Darien, by stage. 
Sunbury, 20. Sapelo, 36. Darien, 48. 



To Charleston, by stage. 

New River, 14. Hogtown, 23. Coosawatchie, 40 
Pocotaligo, 46. Parker's Ferry, 78. Guerin's Ferry, 
95. Charleston, 106. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 101 

FROM ST. LOUIS. 

To New Orleans, by steamboat. 

Milks. 
Carondelet, 6. Harrison, 29. Herculaneum, 30. 
Fort Chartres, 49. St. Genevieve, 61. Bainbridge, 
122. Cape Girardeau, 132. Mouth of Ohio, 173. 
New Madrid, 238. Little Prairie, 268. Memphis, 
387. Arkansas river, 559. Vicksburg, 843. Natchez, 
946. St. Francisville, 1085. Baton Kouge, 1119. 
New Orleans, 1250. 



To Prairie du Chien, by steamboat. 
Mouth of Missouri, 20. Alton, 23. Mouth of 
Illinois R., 37. Dardenne R., 47. Ramsay's Cr., 85. 
Clarksville, 93. Louisiana, 105. Saverton, 123. 
Hannibal, 130. Marion City, 139. Wyaconda, 158. 
Fort Edwards, 171. R. des Moines, 180. Hender- 
son's R., 232. Copper Cr., 271. Fort Armstrong, 
297. Fever R., 363. Platte R., 397. Cass ville, 420. 
Wisconsin R., 444. Prairie du Chien, 448. 



To Peru, by steamboat. 
Mouth of Illinois R., 37. Macoupin R., 56. Apple 
Cr., 72. Montezuma, 86. Augusta, 91. Naples, 
101. Meredosin, 108. Lagrange, 117. Beardstown, 
124. Sangamon R., 131. Havana, 156. Pekin, 
187. Peoria, 196. Little Detroit, 201. Rome, 212. 
Columbia, 226. Henry, 231. Hennepin, 243. Peru, 
257. 



To Louisville, by steamboat. 
Mouth of Ohio, as above, 173. America, 184. 
Paducah, 220. Rock Cave, 272. Shawneetown, 292. 
Carthage, 311. Mount Vernon, 323. Hendersonville, 
9* 



102 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

MiLCf. 

345. Evansville, 356. Owen sburg, 391. Kockport, 
399. Slephensport, 452. Leavenworth, 485. North- 
ampton, 502. Louisville, 546. 



To Independence, Mo., by steamboat. 

Mouth of Illinois R., 37. Belle Fontaine, 40. St. 
Charles, 59. Pt. Look-off, 87. Newport, 106. Gris- 
wold and Pinkney, 112. Gasconade, 134. Osage, 
162. City of Jefferson, 170. Marion, 185. Mount 
Vernon, 200. Rocheport, 209. Franklin andBoone- 
ville, 218. Chariton, 248. Jefferson, 253. Bruns- 
wick, 271. Lexington, 323. Camden, 337. Napo- 
leon, 342. Sibley, 349. Independence, 371. 



To City of Jefferson, by stage. 

Point Look-off, 35. Newport, 55. Griswold, 60. 
Gasconade, R., 80. Osage R., 106. City of Jefferson> 
115. 



To Wyaconda, by stage. 

St. Charles, 20. Troy, 54. Alexandria, 60. Teu- 
ton's, 64. Bowling Green, 86. New London, 107. 
Palmyra, 125. Wyaconda, 145. 

To Potosi, by stage. 
Merrimec R., 16. Herculaneum, 30. Potosi, 63. ; 



To Vandalia, 11, by stage. 
Coliinsville, 14. Troy, 22. Hickory Grove, 42. 
Greenville, 52. Mulberry Grove, 60. Vandalia, 70. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 103 

To Carrollton, by stage. 

Miles. 

Alton, 24. Linton's, 37. Jersey ville, 44. Kane 
P. O., 50. Carrollton, 59. 



To Springfield, by stage. 

Alton, 24. Woodburn,40. Carlin ville, 61. Girard, 
73. Springfield, 99. 



To Carlisle, by stage. 

Illinois Town, 2. French Village, 7. Rock Spring, 
20. Lebanon, 24. Shoal Cr. P. 6., 43. Carlisle, 52. 



To Shawneetown, by stage. 

Belleville, 14. Middleton Ferry, 34. Nashville, 
52. Lit. Muddy JR. P. 0., 85. Frankfort, 100. 
Fancy Parm P. 0., 109. Equality, 136. Shawnee- 
town, 151. 



FROM TALLAHASSEE. 
To Fensacola. 

Salubrity, 10. Aspalaga,44. Chipola, 60. Choc- 
tawhatcheeR., 107. Anderson's, 165. Pensacola, 202. 



To St. Augustine. 

Gadsden, 16. Richardson, 45. Suwanee Ferry, 
75. Dell'sP. 0., 129. Picolati, 184. St. Augustine, 
206. 



104 DISTANCIS ON THOROUGHFARES. 

MiLBS. 

To Lake lamony, 9. Lake Jackson, 4. St. Marks, 
21. 



FROM TRENTON. 

To Philadelphia, by railroad. 

Tyburn, 3. Tullytown, 6. Bristol, 10. Dunks- 
ville, 14. Pennepack Cr. 18. Frankford, 22. Rail- 
road Depot, 261. State H. Philadelphia, 28|. 



To Philadelphia, by stage. 

Tullytown,?. Bristol, 11. Holmsburg, 22. Frank- 
ford, 26. Philadelphia, 31. 



To Philadelphia, by steamboat. 

Lamberton, 2. Bordentown, 6. Bristol, 15. Bur- 
lington, 16. Bridesburg, 32. Philadelphia, 35. 



To Easton, Pa. by stage. 

Penington,9. Ringoes, 19. Flemington,25. Pitts- 
town, 34. Hickorytovvn, 38. Bloomsbury, 43. Eas- 
ton, 51. 



To New York, by railroad. '■ 

Clarks, 8. Williamsburg, 11. Sand Hills, 18. 
New Brunswick, 27. Matouchin, 32. Rahway, 38. 
Elizabethtown, 41. Bonndbrook, 44. Newark, 47. 
Jersey City, 56. New York, 57. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARIS. 105 

To New York, by stage. 

Miles. 

Princeton, 10. Kingston, 13. New Brunswick, 26. 
Milton, 39. Elizabethtown, 44. Newark, 50. New 
York, 60. 

To New York, by stage and steamboat. 

New Brunswick, as above, 26. Perth Amboy, 38. 
New York, 63. 

To Crosswicks, by stage. 

Bloomsbury, 1, White Horse, 4. Sand Hills, on 
C. & A. railroad, 6. Crosswicks, 9. 

To New Brunswick, by Delaware and Raritan Canal. 

Millham, 1. Williamsburg, 11. Kingston, 14. 
Rocky Hill, 16. Griggstown, 18. Blackwells, 22. 
Millstone, 25. Boundbrook, 30. New Brunswick, 37. 

To Bordentown, by Delaware and Raritan Canal. 
Bloomsbury,!. Lamberton, 2. Bordentown, 6. 

7o Saxtonville, by canal. 

Yardleyville Ferry, 5. Jacobs Creek, 7. Titusville, 
10. Belle Mt. 13. Lambertville and New Hope, 16. 
Prattsville, 21. Saxtonville, 24. 



FROM TROY. 

To Whitehall, by Champlain canal. 
Lansingburg, 4. Anthony's Kill, 14. Stillwater, 



106 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

Miles. 

17. Bemis' Heights, 21. Fort Miller, 43. Fort Ed- 
ward, 48. Sandy Hill, 50. Kingsbury, 54. Fort 
Ann, 58. Whitehall, 70. 



To Saratoga, by railroad. 

Waterford, 4. Anthony's Kill, 12. Round lake, 16. 
Ballston, 245. Saratoga, 30^. (For routes to Mon- 
treal, Utica, Buffalo, &c. see '« Routes from Albany.") ^ 



FROM UTICA. 
To Albany, by canal. 

Frankfort, 10. Herkimer, 15. Little Falls, 22. 
Canajoharie,41. Caughnawaga, 53. Amsterdam, 64. 
Schenectady, 82. Troy, 103. Albany, 110. 

To Albany^ by railroad. 

Herkimer, 17. Little Falls, 24. Palatine Bridge, 
44. Caughnawaga, 56. Amsterdam, 65. Schenec- 
tady, 80. Albany, 96. 

To Rochester, by canal. 

Whitesboro, 4. Rome, 15. New London, 22. Ca- 
nistota, 36. New Boston, 40. Chitteningo, 44. Man- 
lius, 52. Syracuse, 61. Geddesburg, 63. Canton, 75. 
Jordan, 81. Montezuma, 96. Clyde, 107. Lyons, 
116. Palmyra, 131. Pittsford, 150. Rochester, 1 60. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 107 

KOUTES FROM VANDALIA. 

To Terre Haute. 

MiLEI. 

' Ewington, 31. EmbarrasR. 59. Terre Haute, 105. 

To St. Louis, Mo. 
' Greenville, 16. Edwardsville, 49. St. Louis, 69. 

To Vincennes. 
Maysville, 45. Lawrenceville, 87. Vincennes, 97. 

To Shawneetown. 

' Salem, 25. Mt. Vernon, 49. M'Leansboro, 79. 
Shawneetown, 107. 



To America. 

■ Salem, 25. Mt. Vernon, 49. Frankfort, 79. Vi- 
enna, 115. America, 140. 



To Kaskaskia. 

Carlyle, 28. Covington, 38. New Nashville, 46. 
Kaskaskia, 86. 



To Galena. 

Springfield, 70. Elk Hart Grove, 78. Athens, 88. 
Pekin, 128. Little Prairie, 137. Peoria, 138. .. Rock 
River, 214. Galena, 277. 



108 DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

FROM WASHINGTON, D. C. 

To Baltimore, by stage. 

MiLEi. 

Bladensburg, 6. Vansville, 14. Elkridge Landing, 
29. Baltimore, 37. 



To Dover, Bel. 

Bladensburg, 6. Pawluxet R., 26. Annapolis, 40. 
Broad Cr. (by water,) 52. Sharktown, .56. Queens- 
town, 64. Centreville, 71. Georgetown, 96. Dover, 
104. 



To Point Lookout. 

Welby, 7. Piscataway, 15. Port Tobacco, 29. 
Newport, 42. Chaytico, 52. Leonardlown, 57. Great 
Mills, 68. St. Inigoes, 75. Pt. Lookout, 85. 



To Richmond, Va.. 

Alexandria, 9. Oecoquan, 26. Dumfries, 35. 
Aquia, 44. Fredericksburg, 58. Bowlinggreen, 80. 
Hanover, C. H. 103. Richmond, 122. 



To Winchester, Va. 

Alexandria, 9. Fairfax C. H. 23. Aldie,47. Up- 
perville, 61. Millwood, 71. Winchester, 84. 

To Virginia Springs, by stage. 

Alexandria, 9. Fairfax C. H. 24. Centreville, 32. 
Bull Run, 35. Buckland Mills, 46. New Baltimore, 
50. Warrenton, 6Q. Lee's Sulphur Springs, 6B. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHrARES. 109. 

MiLBf. 

Jefferson, 65. Fairfax C. H. 77. Cedar Mt. 83. Ra- 
pidan, 89. Orange, C. H. 95. (Thence to Montpelier, 
seat of Mr. Madison, 5 miles.) Gordonsviile, 104. 
Monticello, 120. Charlotlesville and University of Va. 
123. York, 142, Waynesboro, 148. Staunton, 160. 
Jennings, N. Mt. 177. Cloverdale, 189. Green Val- 
ley, 200. Warm Springs, 213. Hot Springs, 218. 
Jackson River, 227. Calahan's, 238. White Sulphur 
Sp. 256. Sweet Sulphur Sp. 284. Salt Sulphur Sp. 
285. Red Sulphur Spr. 299. 



To Frederick, Md. 

Simonsville, 7. Rockville, 14. Seneca, 21. Mid- 
dlebrook, 26. Hyattstown, 34. Frederick, 45. 



To Baltimore, by steamboat. 

Alexandria, 8. Mount Vernon, 17. Crane Island, 
22. Cook's Ferry, 35. Boyd's Hole, 50. Mathew's 
point, 58. Cedar Pt. 65. Washington's Birth place, 
76. Ragged Point, 91. Point Lookout, 107. Paw- 
tuxent R. 127. Sharp's Island, 149. Herring Bay, 
159. Bodkin Pt. 191. Baltimore, 204. 



To Harper's Ferry, by canal. 

Great Falls, 13. Seneca Creek, 23. Peter's Quarry, 
40. Monocacy R. 45. Cotoctin, Cr. 57. Harper's 
Ferry, 69. 



lo Port Tobacco, and thence to Point Lookout. 

Piscataway, 16. Port Tobacco, 32. Newport, 43. 
Leonardtown, 53. Point Lookout, 83. 
10 



110 DnXANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Pr. Frederick, via Benedict. 

MlL»> 

Piscataway, 16. Bryantown, 24. Benedict, 43. 
Pr. Frederick, 51. 



To Frederick, Md., and thence to Emmitsburg. 

Rockville, 1 6. Seneca Mills, 24. Middlebrook, 28. 
Clarksburg, 31. Frederick, 46. Georgetown, 58. 
Emmitsburg, 68. 



To Richmond, Va., by stage and railroad. 

Alexandria, 9. Occoquan, 26. Dumfries, 35. 
Aquia, 44. Fredericksburg, 58. Bowling Green, 70. 
Hanover C. H. 101. Richmond, 119. 



To Warrenton, Va. 

Alexandria, 9. Fairfax Court House, 23. Centre 
yille, 31. New Baltimore, 49. Warrenton, 55. 



To Winchester, by stage. 



4 



Alexandria, 9. Fairfax court house, 23. Aldie, 47. 
Middleburg, 52. Upperville, 60. 'Paris, 64. Shenan- 
doah river, 68. Millwood, 70. Winchester, 81. 



FROM WHEELING. 

To Baltimore, by the National road. 
W. Alexandria, Pa., 16. ClaysvUle, 22. Wash- 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. Ill 

Miles. 

ington, 31. Hillsboro, 43. Brownsville, 54. Union, 
66. Smythfield, 87. Mt. Pleasant, Md.. 116. Cum- 
berland, 126. Prattsville, 147. Hancock, 165. 
Williamsport, 192. Boonsboro, 204. ' Frederick, 220. 
Baltimore, by railroad, 279. 



To Columbus y O., by the National road. 

St. Clairsville, 10. Morristown, 22. Fairview,34. 
Washington, 48. Cambridge, 55. Norwich, 70. 
Zanesville, 80. Hebron, 107. Columbus, 135. 



To Chilicothe. 

Zanesville, as above, 80. Union, 89. Somerset, 
98. Rushville,]06. Lancaster, 116. Tarlton, 130. 
Kingston, 138. Chillicothe, 150.' 



To Wooster, 0. 

' Harrisville, 13. Cadiz, 22 New Philadelphia, 55. 
Dover, on canal, 58. Paintville, 76. Wooster, 92. 



To Pittsburg. 

Washington, Pa., 31. Canonsburg,' 38. Birming- 
ham, 65. Pittsburg, 56. 

To Pittsburg, by steamboat. 

Warrenton,' 8 Wellsburg, 14. Steubenville, 21. 
Fawcetstown, 43. Beaver, 62. Economy, 71. Mid- 
dletown, 80. Pittsburg, 91. 



M^ DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Cincinnati by steamboat. 

MlLtt. 

Elizabethtown, 13. Sistersville, 48. Newport, 65. 
Marietta, 81. Parkersburg, 94. Belville, 111. Le- 
tart's Rapids, 141. Pt. Pleasant, Va., 170. Gallipolis, 
173. Guyandot, 207. Burlington, 214. Portsmouth, 
255. Manchester, 29 J. Maysville, 301. Ripley, 
308. Augusta, 317. Point Pleasant, 0., 332. Cin- 
cinnati, 358. 



FROM THE WHITE SULPHUR SPRINGS. 

To Washington City. 

Callahan's, 18. Jackson river, 29. Hot Springs, 
38. Warm Springs, 43. Green Valley, 56. Clover- 
dale, 67. Staunton, 96. Waynesboro, 108. York, 
114. ^Charlottesville, 133. Monticello, 136. Gor- 
donsville, 152. Orange C. H., 160. Fairfax, C. H., 
179. Jeflerson, 191. Lee's Sulphur Spring, 194. 
Warrenton, 200. New Baltimore, 206. Centreville, 
224. Alexandria, 247. Washington City, 256. 



To Guyandot. 

Lewisburg, 10. Shrewsbury, 88. Charleston, 96. 
Barboursville, 132. Guyandot, 137. 



i 



, To Richmond. 

Callahan's. 18. Covington, 25. Colliertown, 50. 
Lexington, 58. Lynchburg, 98. Planterstown, 130. 
Cumberland C. H., 154. ScottsviUe, 179. Richmond, 



2U. 



DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 113 

To Winchester. 

Miles. 

Warm Spring, 43. Gap, 78. Spring, 85. Har- 
risonburg, 107. New Market, 125. Mt. Pleasant, 
132. Woodstock, 145. Strasburg, 156. Winches- 
ter. 174. 



FROM WILMINGTON. 

To Philadelphia, by stage. 
Chester, 13. Darby, 22. Philadelphia, 28. 



To Philadelphia, by railroad. 
Marcus Hook road, 9. Chester, 13. Gray's Ferry. 
22. Philadelphia R. R., 26. Philadelphia, 27. 



To Baltimore, by railroad. 

' Newport, 4. Newark road, 12. Elkton, 18. 
Northeast, 24. Charleston, 27. Havre de Grace, 33. 
Bush River, 45. Gunpowder R., 52. Back River, 63. 
Depot, 67. Baltimore, 68. 



To Baltimore, by stage. 
Christiana, 9. Elkton, 20. Havre de Grace, 36. 
Hartford, 47. Gunpowder, 57. Baltimore, 72. 



To Dover, Del. 
Newcastle, 5. Red Lion, 12. St. George's, 15. 
Trap, 19. Cant well's, 23. Smyrna, 33. Hamsville, 
40. Dover, 45. 

10* 



^ihk DISTANCES ON THOROUGHFARES. 

To Philadelphm, by steamboat. 

Milks, 

Delaware R., 3. Marcus Hook, 11. Chester, 15. 
Lazaretto, ao. Fort Mifflin, 25. Gloucester Point, 30. 
Philadelphia, 33. 

Distance from New York to Oregon. 

From New York to St. Louis, shortest way, and 

not by the rivers, 1033 

From St. Louis to Independence, 266 

From Independence, Missouri, to Blue, at Burnett's 

Trace, 520 

To Scott's Bluffs, 254 

From Scott's Bluffs to the main divide of the 

Rocky Mountains, 266 

From Rocky Mountains to Solomon Falls, 477 

From Solomon Falls to Walla-walla, 283 

From Walla- walla to Dallas, 120 

From Dallas to Vancouver, 100 

From Fort Vancouver to the mouth of the Colum- 
bia river, 120 J 

3440 

The above it will be seen makes the distance 3440 i 
miles, yet the distance which one would travel, by I 
taking rivers and eligible routes would be about 4000 ' 
miles It now takes about six months to perform this 
journey ; but suppose a steam communication the whole 
distance, and it will only require at the average rate of 
ten hours, sixteen days. But steam is from twelve to 
fifteen miles the hour; if we take the latter, it will 
require only ten or eleven days to make the trip to 
Oregon. That is about the time now required from 
New York to New Orleans ; so, after all Oregon is in 
the world. 



115 
CHAPTER IX. 

LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 

The Bankrupt Law. 

The Bankrupt Law of Congress, passed in 
1841 and repealed in 1843, as all know, turned 
out an unpopular measure. It gave the debtor 
the power of a voluntary declaration of Bank- 
ruptcy ! and was so loose and vague as to admit 
of palpable frauds. Passed for an emergency 
which was to sweep off the wholesale and 
hopeless insolvency of the thousands who from 
1835 to 1840 plunged into speculations which 
resulted in irretrievable rum, this law had its 
work before it, and after accomplishing its mis- 
sion, was struck from the Statute-book. 

A general bankrupt law within the meaning 
and intent of the Constitution, is much needed, 
and could not fail to have a good effect. But, 
without discussing the subject, let us hope that 
if a future Congress should attempt to legislate 
such a one into existence, they will not make it 
a mongrel statute by blending the two fea- 
tures of a Bankrupt and Insolvent law together. 
A Bankrupt law moves solely on the application 
of creditors. An Insolvent law on that of debt^- 
ors. The one absolves and cancels absolutely 
the debts of the delinquent ; but the latter re- 
lieves only the person, without affecting the le* 
gal existence of the debt, or barring execution 
against subsequent property. 



116 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 

What would be the view of the United States 
Supreme Court on the voluntary part of the 
late bankrupt law, remains yet to be seen. The 
question has not so far, we think, been present- 
ed. The certificates are but 2l prima facia bar, 
and may be avoided by proof of fraud ; by proof 
that the debt did not come within the meaning 
and intent of the Bankrupt law ; and lastly, by 
a decision of the Supreme Court that the law is 
unconstitutional, or such part or parts of it as 
the defendant claims the benefit of. 

Insolvent Laws. 

The laws of collection of the State of New 
York, and indeed most, if not all the States, 
have within a few years been modified. The 
old capias is mostly abolished, and the prevail- 
ing spirit of really pursuing the debtor quasi in 
rem, adopted ; that is, grasping for the property 
and not the body of the debtor. The arrest of 
the person is now for a disclosure only of his 
property. This throws the matter into a court 
for insolvents, and the proceedings are, in fact, 
under insolvent laws. These laws all proceed 
by affidavits on the part of the creditor or his 
agent, and are answered by the oath of the de- 
fendant. The laws provide for a receiver of 
the property for the benefit of the creditor, and 
operating on final hearing to discharge from 
custody the body of the debtor. The affidavits 
in most of the States are quite identical in sub- 
stance. They must show that the debt was 



LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 117 

fraudulently contracted, or the debtor is about to 
remove out of the jurisdiction of the court with 
intent to defraud, or that he is converting his 
property into money to put it out of the reach of 
his creditors, or that he has property which an 
execution at law cannot reach. Either of the 
above facts being established give the court 
jurisdiction for the insolvent proceedings. We 
have spoken elsewhere of the stay and valuation 
laws of many of the States. „ . ...J^ 

Laws of Contract. 

The law of contract, we have said elsewhere, 
is to be observed as in force when and where 
the contract is made. That is, the Lex loci con- 
tractus governs ; for instance, if an usurious con- 
tract made in New-York be sued in Ohio, the 
plea of usury there would make the contract ab- 
solutely void, although in Ohio the excess of in- 
terest over and above six per cent., according 
to Ohio law would be deducted, and judgment 
for the principal and six per cent, allowed. 
And this rule is universal with the exception of 
sealed contracts, as to real estate, when the con- 
tract will be construed by and governed accord- 
ing to the law of the State in which the land is 
located, and not by such as may exist where the 
contract is made and entered into. 

Letters of Credit and Guaranty, 

Letters of Credit, if unlimited, will bind of 



118 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 

course for any amount, and a guaranty at the 
time of sale when the credit is in part or wholly 
given to the guarantor, binds the said guarantor. 
But if he guarantees the payment of a precedent 
debt it must be for some new consideration; 
that is, something of value, which is considered 
at the time of making the guarantee as of value 
to the debtor or the guarantor, and this must all 
be made in writing, and the consideration there- 
in clearly expressed in such a manner as to show 
that there was some fair reason for this under- 
taking on the part of the guarantor. These are 
imperative requisites. 

False Pretences. 

But again, the buyer is bound to make truth- 
ful statements, if any, to the vender, as to his own 
ability to pay. He becomes criminal under the 
statute for false pretences, if he state that he 
has property when he has not, if he represent 
that he is in a certain condition of trade and 
business which is untrue, or name resources 
which are unreal, he is guilty of false pretences, 
and by indictment liable to conviction for a 
penitentiary offence. 

Fraudulent Representation of Vendor. 

■\ 
Again, if the vendor falsely represent to the i 
buyer the quality of his goods to be far better * 
than they are, and the goods are not where, or of 
a nature to be inspected by the vendee, it is a 



LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 119 

fraud and would annul any agreement as to a 
specific price. But a sound price does not im- 
ply a sound article in law ; there must be such 
a false statement as is calculated to mislead, and 
the circumstances such that a prudent buyer 
could not be presumed to do otherwise than be 
influenced by it. If the vendee have an equal 
chance to know of the quality and character of 
the article, although he may be ignorant as to 
value, it is his own look out, he must make his 
own side of the bargain when he is reasonably 
presumed to know the facts. If I sell a horse 
to you and warrant him to have ears, and you 
see him at the time of bargain, the warrantee, 
if it turned out that he had no ears, would be a 
dead letter ; because it is absurd to presume 
that you would not know the fact clearly your- 
self, but any warranty that goes to insure as to 
defects which might or might not be clearly and 
at all times visible, is good. So also if you did 
not see the animal, it would be binding in all 
particulars as expressed. 

Liability of Common Carriers and Inn-Keepers* 

In the shipment of goods the Bill of Lading is 
a contract and proof also of delivery. But proof 
that the goods were delivered to the common 
carrier, whether written or verbal, is sufficient, 
and his liability is the entire value of the goods, 
until delivered to the consignee. Nothing but 
the inevitable providences of God, such as de- 
struction by the dangers of the seas, or capture 



120 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 

by an enemy in time of war, can exonerate or dis- 
charge him, and he can deliver to no one else 
but the consignee, if we except the right of the 
vendor to stop the goods inlransitUj in case of 
the failure or fraud of the vendee. And cards 
and placards, limiting his liability, amount to 
nothing unless he brings them home to the ship- 
per in such a w^ay as to make it a special agree- 
ment ; that is, that the shipper specialh'^ agreed 
to the exceptions and took the risk on himself. 
This as to goods shipped. As to travellers, the 
rule perhaps is less stringent when the passenger 
goes along with his baggage ; but if he put it in 
the care of the conductors, the rule is the same. 
If he keeps it with him it is presumed in per- 
sonal custody, or if it is in his state-room or birth 
he must take care of it at his own risk. So 
also as to hotels, they are liable for anything be- 
longing to the traveller, left by him in their 
care while he is a guest, and he has only to 
show that it was taken to the house, and prove 
the value of the same to recover. The inn- 
keeper in return has a right to detain baggage 
until his reasonable or regular bills are paid, 
without any legal process for the same. 

Personal Mortgages, 

A mortgage is a conditional agreement in 
writing, and called personal when given on per- 
sonal property, which means all kinds of posses- 
sions except real estate. Any form of words 
will constitute a mortgage, which obviously 



n 



LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 121 

show that the mortgagee intended to secure a 
debt due from the mortgager. If but this one 
feature be apparent, the instrument is in both 
law and equity a mortgage, and on proof of pay- 
ment of the debt becomes dead, and this is true 
although no defeasance is expressed. Still, a 
clear form in all respects is always best. 

The mortgage laws of the States are substan- 
tially the same as to real estate, but for personal 
property greatly differ. Some of the States 
treat a personal mortgage void, absolutely so, as 
against previous creditors or purchasers, with or 
without notice. Others again treat such instru- 
ments as void, unless the mortgagee takes and 
keeps possession of the mortgaged goods until 
his debt is paid. In New- York the law is, that 
a personal mortgage is good, and that the mort- 
gager can remain in possession ; that is, the pre- 
sumption of law makes it valid, and it is left for 
any one who seeks to avoid it to show that it is 
bad in fact, a mere covert operation to stave 
off creditors, and not, as it purports on its face, 
a security for a bona fide debt. Those who 
trace out legal principles to the elaborature of a 
practical statute, will see the difference in these 
personal mortgage laws to be, that some juris- 
dictions consider that they ought to be and are 
prima facie void, while in New- York they are 
prima facie good. 

Bill of Sale. 

The bill of sale is often used as a mortgage. 



122 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 

The only difference is, that this instrument on 
its face is absolute. It is not a security, but an 
actual sale of the specific property, and is only 
used as a mortgage by a tacit understanding be- 
tween the parties which is outside of the instru- 
ment itself In those States which recognise 
the validit}^ of the mortgage, there is no necessi- 
ty for its adoption as such ; but in States which 
treat the mortgage as void, it may be sometimes 
necessarily called into use. In its simple form 
it is of course in constant use. In this instru- 
ment no set form of words are requisite. It 
must show a sale of goods, quantity, kind, and 
value, and a specific consideration to be paid, or 
which has been paid. In all cases of a Bill of 
Sale the possession of the vendor is the posses- 
sion of the purchaser on the complete execution 
of this agreement, and from the instant the 
seller becomes the bailer of him who has bought. 

Leases. 

Like all other contracts, bind according 4o 
their terms and the expressed intentions of the 
parties. There are, however, some legal pre- 
sumptions which obtain in such contracts, which 
are peculiar to them. The landlord has a right 
to distrain (in New-York) the goods and chat- 
tels of the tenant by a legal process, called a dis- 
tress warrant, which in effect gives him a prefer- 
ence over other creditors. He has also a sum- 
mary mode of ejecting the tenant under a war- 
rant for dispossession, in which he proceeds by 



LAWS OF COLLECTION AMD TRADE. 123 

affidavit. If he establish three facts, namely, 
that the rent is due and unpaid, and the tenant 
has no goods or chattels on which he can levy 
by execution, the lease is determined. There 
is in this law a most absurd feature, it seems to 
us. How can an issue of the facts be made 
upon which a court and jury are to pass ? By a 
counter affidavit only of the tenant. This is 
the statute. Then we have the strange anomaly 
of an action at law, in which the declaration 
and plea, that is, what the parties think they 
shall be able to prove on trial actually, absolutely 
sworn to, in order to get into court ; and to cap the 
climax a trial had on these affidavits to ascertain 
whether the landlord or tenant has sworn to the 
truth. In all law suits we take it for granted 
one of the parties must lose and the other win. 
Nor can an issue be made up under this statute 
in which one of the two is not subjected to the 
charge of perjury, and in fact both may be ; for 
suppose in the three facts the landlord proves 
but one and fails on two, and the tenant estab- 
lishes those two and fails on the one, both are 
perjured according to law ; for it is not neces- 
sary that the whole statement should turn out 
false, but any material fact. This is a view 
which has been taken by the writer, and in truth 
it has been so construed and acted upon. And 
an indictment of this kind is now pending in the 
Criminal Court of New-York. 

We have passed in brief over some of the 
laws in daily use, giving some of them, but by 
no means all. All know from experience the 



124 LAWS OF COLLECTION AND TRADE. 

difficulties to be encountered in legal proceed- 
ings. We have given these few legal principles 
in a shape to prevent litigation, but what pre- 
vents also cures. It is not the place here to 
suggest a remedy for the tedious proceedings in 
pursuing remedies, and the immense expenses 
incurred under our present jurisprudence. One 
thing, nothing short of a pruning-hook which 
cuts away root and branch of the present system, 
can accomplish much. A code of law, simple 
and clear, and condensed into a few hundred 
pages, would be the commencing point, and then 
a new mode of making up the issues for trials. 
It is now quite uncertain, not that one may have 
merits perhaps, but that he can get the declara- 
tion through to execution and final satisfaction. 
The fixed sciences of evSry kind for the last 
few years have been brought down to the com- 
prehension of a child, 3'et law is as confused as 
ever. If there is a possibility of reducing them 
to a science, a clear and demonstrative collect of 
maxims, then are we far from the true path. 
Much of beaut}^ and logical truth is contained in 
special pleadings as they now stand, and are 
practiced ; yet the hardships of law-suits and 
their uncertainty do but make the suiters dread 
the tribunals which all ought to respect and 
love. They should be the guardians, the foster- 
fathers of the people, before which the parties 
appear in friendship and honesty, to settle their 
differences, of whatever kind, by a higher equi- 
table rule than they themselves are able to de- 
monstrate and apply. Now the man of little tech- 



IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. 125 

nical quibbles is too often the able lawyer, the 
successful one, while he whose intellect grasps 
eternal principles feels disgusted at the jackstraw 
game, and, wrapt in moody silence, looks wdth 
indifferent contempt to the superficial farces 
which are enacted and called justice. Our 
crimmal laws are evaded in such a manner as to 
startle the dull senses of the comnnunity now and 
then, and we are forced to cry out that some- 
thing must be done to remedy the evil. Let us 
not think lightly of a loose and uncertain civil 
adjudication, in which dollars and cents, instead 
of life and liberty are involved, for we should 
remember that the support of life and family de- 
pendence, are often the real stakes instead of 
what appears on the face of the papers. 



CHAPTER X. 

IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS- 

Trade J its Character and Future Prospects ^ and 
its Evils. 

Boston, New-York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, 
Charleston, Mobile, and New Orleans, consti- 
tute the Atlantic outlets of the Union, and the 
principal ports of entry. If the question arises 
as to which of these cities offer the greatest 
facilities of trade, it can in general terms be an- 
swered by a comparativ^e view of their size, 



1^6 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. 

•which is nearly as follows : as often as Mobile^ 
is one, New York is twenty, Philadelphia ten, 
Boston five, Baltimore five, Charleston two, and 
New Orleans four. They are all, it will be 
borne in mind, commercial cities, built up by 
trade, and depending on it for their present and 
luture prosperity. Each may be, and is, in 
fact, a preferable mart for specific commodities, 
but the view we wish to elucidate is the gene- 
ral comparative. New York stands pre-eminent 
in the catalogue. It is the best market in the 
Union, the best but one in the world. A refe- 
rence to other chapters in this work will demon- 
strate this conclusion ; no city in the world, 
London excepted, has so large a commerce, and 
no city suifers such heavy annual losses. The 
great bulk of sales are on time, by which we 
mean that the merchant passes his goods over 
to the purchaser, and takes his obligation to pay. 
Now" in this he encounters twent3^-six to thirty 
different codes of law, different modes, in plain 
terms, of enforcing payment. A professional 
lawyer can only, by study of books, decide the 
necessary steps to pursue, that is, he has to con- 
sult the lex loci contracttis^ or the law where 
the contract was made, and also the law where 
the contract is to be enforced. The construc- 
tion or meaning of the parties on the face of an 
agreement to pay, is governed by the law where 
the bargain is made. The execution of the law 
according to the statute or custom of the resi- 
dence of the debtor. Every merchant in sell- 
ing should look to these things ; it is important. 



IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. 1 2". 

In North Carolina, for instance, all debts due 
in the state are payable before the claim of a 
non-resident, and a note or obligation signed by 
the debtor before a book account. 

In Ohio the property of the debtor in execu- 
tion must be valued and sold for two-thirds at 
least its valuation ; if real estate the sale is void 
without the valuation. If personal property, 
the same, if the debtor makes the demand, and 
it is difficult in forced sales to sell for two-thirds 
the actual value ; in a high state of the money 
market, impossible. The sta}^ laws of Indiana, 
Illinois, Michigan, Missouri, and Mississippi, 
are of this nature. In Louisiana the laws are 
sui generis as compared to those of the other 
states. Their radix is French, and few in this 
city of our business men- could give any idea of 
the modus operandi of their execution. The 
wife there may hold in her own right property 
which in New York would be vested in the 
husband, and as her'sit is not liable for his debts. 
The question of responsibility is settled by what 
a purchaser is worth, which is based, of course, 
on the ability of the vendor, in case of non-pay- 
ment, to apply the debtor's property by law to 
the satisfaction of his demand. The brief view 
here given does not give the requisite informa- 
tion, and our design is answered if we call at- 
tention sufficiently to this subject. The writer 
is preparing a work which will give the mer- 
chants correct information on this head, and em- 
brace all the states of the Union. Trade is 
very fluctuating in the United States ; why so ? 



128 IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL POINTS. 

The history of the last fifteen years will answer. 
Owing to the fluctuating legislation of the states 
and the federal government, the currency and 
importations are creatures of law, and what has 
been law as it respects both, has been and is 
various. We have had within this time high 
tariffs and low ones ; we have had and now 
have, in currency, all sorts of paper and specie. 
Theories not merely as theories, but practical 
or impracticable facts are mixed up together. 
Now to encounter this state of things who is 
prepared.^ what man, when he invests his capital, 
can see w^ith any certainty a return of such 
investment ? We know that enterprise and 
mercantile skill does encounter all ; but fatally in 
many cases, we also know, and uncertain in all. 
The common desire now of merchants is, that we 
may have a settled state of things, and despair- 
ing of anything better, here stop, yet a change, 
that is, a chaos reduced to order must take place 
before such a desideratum can be realized, for it 
is the conflicting institutions out of which this 
confusion and irregularity grows, and the tree 
will always bear bitter fruit. The judicial 
systems of the states are one and all bundles of 
good and evil, being in some respects what law 
should be, the perfection of human reason, and in 
others being exactly what law should not be, ob- 
solete impracticabilities and absurd and charlatan 
experiments. We do not propose to do more than 
name this subject ; but what is the use of laws 
which only foil and entrap us when they should 
be our guides and bulwark of safety. They 



EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 129 

are not too recondite and profound to be under- 
stood, but they are too conflicting and intangible 
to reconcile to reason and reduce to safe practice. 
We are involved in litigious expenses, and when 
we seek legal redress we as often get a legal 
dressing out, not because of any defect in our 
claim or proofs, but because we are not lucky in 
all the sinuosities and twistings required to be 
taken from the summons till final sale on execu- 
tion. 



CHAPTER XL 

EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 

It is usual, in a statistical work, to give the 
number and grade of literary and scientific insti- 
tutions, location, endowments, resources, number 
of professors, students, &c. But, a dry enume- 
ration of this kind is unnecessary. We have in 
the United States about 300 colleges ; of these 
we may say that but ten or twelve are eminent, 
either for the character of their professors or their 
course of study ; admitting that they graduate 
3000 annually, and the liberally educated are 
one to every seven thousand of our population. 
Our common school systems, however, are the 
great Colleges of the people, and in the six eas- 
tern states, Maine, New Hampshire, Massachu- 
setts, Vermont, Connecticut and Rhode Island, 
and in New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, 



130 EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 

Ohio and most of the western States, and some 
of the southern, afford the opportunity of a rudi- 
mental knowledge of English literature ; the 
mathematics of common arithmetic, penman- 
ship, general geography, and the definitions and 
nature of the most prominent natural sciences. 
Nothing, in our estimation is, more absurd than 
the continuance year after year of the old Latin 
and Greek jargon, and the roundabout syllogis- 
tical cut, and try, and rule, and line modes of in- 
struction ; we have some noble exceptions. 
There are individuals who really instruct in a 
pleasing and inductive manner, yet for the most 
part American education is but a straight jacket 
performance into which the youth is forcibly in- 
cased, tending rather to trammel and confine the 
powers of intellect, than to strengthen and en- 
large their scope. 

The poor child, whether male or female, con- 
siders the process as most excruciating torture ; 
and submits to it tamely just in proportion as he 
or she lack real spirit or native genius and talent. 
We would not say a word to lessen the efforts 
of any to spread and disseminate truth ; It is not 
the truth at which we strike the blow, but the 
very awkward (to use a mild term) system pur- 
sued in initiating the young mind into a set 
round of cabalistic mysteries. If this were edu- 
cation, then indeed might we look with some 
complacence on the process, but such is not the 
case. Why (we would ask) make not our 
schools the miniature theatres of actual life, and 
let the youth feel and see that he is learning to 



EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 131 

live and move in the world about him, that there 
is something tangible and practical in every step, 
something that he can use to his advantage and 
profit, and without which he would suffer incon- 
venience ? It appears to us that for a practical 
education common sagacity would dictate such 
a course- Now were each of our common schools 
furnished with apparatus for simple experiments 
as to the mechanical powers in natural philoso- 
phy, hydrastatics and hydraulics, &c. ; a cabinet 
of minerals, a limited chemical laboratory, steam- 
engine, and mill models ; another depot represent- 
ing articles of trade ; the pupils to constitute 
among themselves firms, joint stock companies, 
for banking, insurance and commerce, or any 
other deal, and now let the teachers who super- 
intend these departments see that all is carried 
on according to the most approved forms in use 
among the older children, that is as among men, 
and in as strict reference to the laws of the land 
as the latter must ever observe. This brings in 
another branch, the elements of civil and crimi- 
nal jurisprudence, a necessity of understanding 
which will be felt by the pupil from the nature 
of his previous studies. Then government, with 
its departments, legislative, executive and con- 
stitutional, may constitute a higher grade ; we do 
not here give by any means a system ; that is 
not our purpose. We have named this course 
only to show what should and might be taught 
in place of what now is. The still higher 
branches which we have not named ; those stu- 
dies which look into nature not merely to see a 



132 EDUCATION IN THE UNITED STATES. 

motion or a thing but a cause and traceable effect 
in everything, and that philosophy which studies 
man not only in his actions but his capabilities, 
would necessarily follow, shedding over all a 
light in which Grecian and Roman superstitions 
would stalk like the ghosts of departed monsters : 
the belief in which has settled down on the hu- 
man mind of the past like a deadly nightmare, 
revolting alike to reason, intelligence and revela- 
tion, and the nature and interests of man. What 
is the special use of the quids and gild's of the 
Latin to the young man who spends his two to 
three years to be able to ring their changes ? 
what their intrinsic value in his intercourse with 
the masses ? Let the thousands whose valuable 
time has been squandered in committing them 
to memory answer. If they are frank they will 
say that they are more than useless, they are an 
actual incumbrance. The people look with con- 
tempt on such gibberish, and distrust the man 
who uses it ; they write him down, it may be, as 
educated, but it is as an educated fool. 

We append the following on New York com- 
mon schools as worthy of deep consideration. 
It shows that the empire state has done enough 
for a rich, a precious harvest ; will she realise it ? 
We shall see. 

The general organization of the system is as 
follows : 

The head and centre of the system is the Se- 
cretary of Slate, who is, by virtue of that office, 
Superintendent of Common schools. 

T}«e other permanent administrative agents of 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 



133 



the s^'-stem, as constituted by law, are the Clerks 
and Treasurers of counties ; the Supervisors, 
School Commissioners, Inspectors, Clerks and 
Collectors of towns ; and the Trustees, Clerks 
and Collectors of school districts ; all of whom 
are elected by the people, except the Treasurers 
of counties, who are appointed by the county 
Boards of Supervisors. The Comptroller and 
the Treasurer of the State are associated with 
the financial action of the system. 

In the year next following each census of the 
State, whether taken under the authority of the 
State, or of the United States.^, that is, once in 
every five years, it is the duty of the State Su- 
perintendent to apportion the moneys arising fronrj 
the Common School Fund among the counties, 
and the quota of each county among the towns 
and cities therein, according to the ratio of the 
population in each, compared with that of the 
whole State. He then certifies such apportion- 
ment to the Comptroller, and sends notice there- 
of to each County Clerk, stating the day on 
which the moneys will be payable. That day 
is the 1st of February in each year, and the 
moneys are paid by the State Treasurer, on the 
warrants of the Comptroller, to the several Coun- 
ty Treasurers, who pay over the town quotas to 
the School Commissioners of the respective 
towns, to be distributed among the school dis- 
tricts. 

Each County Clerk, on receiving from the 
State Superintendent notice of the appointment, 
must give notice thereof to the Clerk of the Su- 
12 



134 COMMON SCHOOLS. 

pervisors, to be laid before their Board at their 
next meeting, and they must thereupon assess an 
equal amount upon the towns, to be collected by 
the town collectors, with legal fees, as they col- 
lect their other town taxes. The levy of this 
tax is the statutory condition on w^hich the 
School Fund money is distributed to the districts. 
These School Commissioners are three in 
number, elected annually in each town, and they 
are constituted by statute a corporation so far as 
to enable them to hold property for the use of 
the schools in the town, and to sue and be sued 
in their official capacity. They also set off, ar- 
range and modify the school districts ; and it is 
their duty annually, in July, to report in writing 
to the County Clerk, the number of districts in 
their town ; the time during which the schools 
have been kept therein by qualified teachers ; 
the amount of School Fund money received, as 
well as the amount received from the Town 
Collector ; the whole number of pupils actually 
attending school, distinguishing the number over 
five and under sixteen years of age ; and, in 
short, to report everything relating to their du- 
ties, and the general legal and educational con- 
dition of the schools. 

The three Inspectors in each town, together 
with the Commissioners, constitute a Board for 
ascertaining, by examination, the qualifications 
of teachers. Any two of the Board make a quo- 
rum, and their certificate of qualification is neces- 
sary to entitle a district to the actual receipt of 
its quota of the School Fund money. 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 135 

The Trustees of the Districts are also a corpo- 
ration so far as to enable them to hold property 
for the use of the District. They take charge 
of the school houses, their erection and repair ; 
they make the contracts with the teachers, pro- 
vide fuel for the schools ; call meetings of the 
taxable inhabitants of the district, for levying 
whatever assessment may be necessary for dis- 
trict purposes, and apportion the assessments ; 
direct the manner in which the rate-bills for 
teacher's wages shall be made up, with authority 
to say who shall be exempted for poverty ; in 
short, they have charge of all the pecuniary con- 
cerns of the district, and they must make a re- 
port annually to the School Commissioners, who, 
as already stated, report to the County Clerk, and 
he to the State Superintendent, thus making the 
chain of accountability complete. 

In 1S38 and 1839 the District School Li- 
braries were established by acts of the Legis- 
lature empowering each school district to raise 
by tax $20 the first year, and $10 in every sub- 
sequent year, for the foundation and annual en- 
largement of a library for the special use and 
benefit of the district school ; and provision was 
made for the proper custody and circulation of 
the books. The property in the library was 
vested like other district property, in the district 
trustees — and in aid of these libraries it was also 
enacted that $55,000 from the annual income of 
the U. S. Deposit Fund should be distributed 
every year among the school districts, in the 
same manner as other school moneys, with the 



136 COMMON SCHOOLS. 

proviso that at the end of five years the respec- 
tive quotas ot" the districts might be thencefor- 
ward applied either to the further enlargement 
of the libraries, or to the payment of teachers' 
wages, at the option of the several districts. 

In 1841 some important changes were made 
in the administrative agencies of the system. 
One of those changes was the creation ot a De- 
puty Superintendent General, with the au- 
thority to perform the duties of the State Super- 
intendent in case of the absence or temporary 
disability of the latter, or the vacation of his 
office. 

Another important modification introduced in 
1841 was made by the enactment directing the 
Board of Supervisors in each county to appoint a 
County Superintendent, and in case of 200 or 
more school districts in a county, two such Su- 
perintendents, to hold office for two years, but 
removable for cause shown ; and it was made 
their duty to visit all schools within their respec- 
tive jurisdictions, to examine into all matters 
touching the condition and character of the 
schools, as well as the practical working of the 
entire system in all its parts, and to make full 
report thereon every year, to the State Superin- 
tendent. For every day of actual service in dis- 
charging the duties of his office such Superinten- 
dent is entitled to receive $2, but with the pro- 
viso that the whole pay should not exceed, in any 
one y?ar, $500 to any one Superintendent. 

In 1843 some further modifications were made 
in the organism of the system. The number of 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 137 

school districts in a county prescribed as the con- 
dition for appointing two County Superinten- 
dents, was reduced from 200 to 150 ; the offices 
of School Commissioners and Inspectors in the 
towns, were abolished, and in their stead Town 
Superintendents were created, to be elected at 
the annual town-meetings, with the other town 
officers ; and in some further provisions relative 
to the election in each school district, of three 
trustees, a clerk, a collector, and a librarian for 
the district, it was enacted that the trustees 
should hold office three years, but classed so that 
one should go out and one be elected every year. 

Though these changes were made in relation 
to the functionaries of the system, yet the func- 
tions themselves, being abundantly ample and 
well defined, were left, under the act of 1843, 
very much the same as they were before ; it 
being the chief object of the act to secure greater 
activity, vigilance, and energy, in the exercise of 
those functions, and in the general administration 
of the system, by making a more judicious ar- 
rangement and application of the proper agencies, 
aud by a more efficient concentration of respon- 
sibilities. The wisdom of these modifications 
has already been evinced by the improvement in 
the actual working of the system and the rising 
condition of the schools. 

As the powers and duties of the Town Super- 
intendents, in their main scope and spirit, and 
even in their more important particulars, are es- 
sentially very much the same, under the act of 
1843, as were those of the Commissioners and 
21* 



138 COMMON SCHOOLS. 

Inspectors under the previous laws, the general 
outline thereof, already presented, is sufficiently 
full and precise for the purposes of this sketch ; 
all that is further required for a correct idea of 
this portion of the system, as it now stands, being 
simply to substitute the words " Town Superin- 
tendents " for ^' Commissioners " and " Inspec- 
tors," whenever they occur in any of the pre- 
vious paragraphs. 

So in reference to the district trustees, the 
most important provision of the act of 1843 is 
the extension of their term to three years, but so 
classing them that one shall go out, and one be 
elected, every 3^ear. Their powers and duties, 
however, continue so essentially the same that 
no further specification than has already been 
given, is demanded for the purpose of this gene- 
ral sketch. 

The duties of the clerks, collectors, and libra- 
rians of the school districts, are sufRciently indi- 
cated by their official designations. 

All the moneys from every source intended for 
the benefit of the district schools, being brought 
together in the hands of the Town Superinten- 
dent, it is his duty, as early as the 1st Tuesday 
of April in each year to apportion them among 
the districts in the towns, which have made the 
annual reports required by law, according to the 
number o^ resident children between five and six- 
teen years of age. One fifth of the money goes 
to the benefit of the libraries and is called " libra- 
ry money," ; and if, in any district of fifty chil- 
dren, the library exceeds 125 volumes, or 100 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 139 

volumes in any smaller district, then such money- 
may be applied to the purchase of globes, maps, 
and other apparatus, by a vote of the district. 
The other three fifths of the money to be distri- 
buted must be applied to the payment of teach- 
ers' wages. 

To entitle a district to receive its quota of 
*' teachers' money," it must have had a school 
taught by a legal teacher, for at least four months 
during the preceeding year, and all such money 
received during that year, must have been actu- 
ally applied to the payment of a teacher ; nor 
can such quota be received by any district in 
which a school in all respects legal has not been 
taught for more than one month. 

In addition to the powers and duties of the 
County Superintendents relative to the examina- 
tion of teachers, the granting and revoking of 
their certificates, the inspection of the schools, 
and the supervision of the entire system in all its 
departments and details, within their respective 
jurisdictions, the act of 1843 further authorizes 
them to hear and determine appeals from the 
Town Superintendents, or the district authorities, 
on all questions arising under the school acts, in- 
stead of being required as formerly to make such 
appeals directly to the State Superintendent, to 
whom, however, cases may still be taken in the 
last resort, if notice thereof be served in fifteen 
days ; otherwise the decision of the County Su- 
perintendent is final. This appellate authority 
in the Count}'^ Superintendent saves a great deal 
of trouble, expense, and delay to the districts, and 



140 NORMAL SCHOOL. 

to individuals, gives increased energy to the ad- 
ministration of the school system, and works well 
in all respects. 

Such is a general sketch of ihe frame work of 
the Common School System of this State, as 
modified by the act of 1843, and regarded as a 
distinct whole. In preparing this sketch, the 
main outlines of the system as formerly organiz- 
ed, have been retained, in the belief that the mo- 
difications would thus be better understood and 
the account be rendered more instructive and 
useful. 

NORMAL SCHOOL. 

This School was first opened in the city of 
Albany, on the ISth of December, 1844, in pur- 
suance of an act of the State Legislature passed 
at the next preceeding session, and as organized 
by a board called, " The Executive Com- 
mittee OF THE State Normal School," con- 
sisting of the Secretary of State as Superinten- 
dent General of Common Schools, made by the 
act member and chairman of the Committee by 
virtue of his oflace, and four other persons ap- 
pointed by the Regents of the University, with 
a Secretary appointed by the Committee. 

The more important permanent regulations of 
this school are the following : 

There are to be two terms in each year, one to 
commence on the second Wednesday in April 
and to continue twenty weeks, with two sessions 
in each secular day except Saturday ; the other ^. 



1 



NORMAL SCHOOL. 141 

term to commence on the third Wednesday in 
October and to continue twenty-one weeks, with 
one regular dail}' session, and occasional extra 
sessions at the discretion of the Principal and the 
the Executive Committee. 

The branches of knowledge required by law 
to be taught in the District Schools, viz : ortho- 
graphy, reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, 
and English grammar, are to be taught with 
special care and thoroughness in the Normal 
School ; and in addition thereto, the following, 
viz : physiology, History of the United States, 
natural philosophy, algebra, geometry, survey- 
ing, application of science to the arts, use of 
globes, intellectual and moral philosophy, with 
such other branches as the Executive Committee 
may, from time to time direct. Meantime, ex- 
ercises in vocal music, drawing, and English 
composition are to be performed by all the pupils 
throughout the entire course of their studies at 
the Normal School. 

In the district-school portion of the aforesaid 
studies, instruction for the present, so far as the 
nature of those studies will allow, is to be given 
by topics, the pupils using such text-books as 
they may find most convenient. That is, the 
teacher is to exercise his pupils in these studies, 
without using any text-book himself, during the 
exercises, but by taking up the respective topics 
which they embrace and conducting his pupils 
through them, by a series of oral exercises and 
examinations, the pupils preparing themselves 
for the purpose, by the use of such books and 



142 ^■ORMAL SCHOOL. 

Other apparatus as they may possess, or pre- 
fer. 

The State pupils^ (who are to be selected by 
the Boards of Supervisors in the several counties, 
or in their failure to act, by the County and Town 
Superintendents in joint meeting, and in the same 
ratio as Members of Assembly,) are to be admit- 
ted into the Normal Sohool at the commencement 
of a term, on presenting certificates from the 
proper county authorities. Volunteer pupils, in 
order to be admitted, must declare their intention 
to become teachers of district schools, must pre- 
sent satisfactory testimonials of good moral char- 
acter, from a County or Town Superintendent, 
and must be able to sustain a full and thorough 
examination by the Principal of the Normal 
School, in at least all district-school studies. 

The pupil's title to a certificate as a well-qua- 
lified teacher, on leaving the Normal School is 
to depend, not on the length of time he may have 
spent there, but on his attainments and his moral 
character, except that no pupil shall be entitled 
to such a certificate who shall not have remain- 
ed in the School at least one full term : and no 
certificate, except one of full qualifications, shall 
be given at all. 

The internal and disciplinary regulations of 
the school are placed in the discretion of the 
Principal, as circumstances may suggest them, 
subject, however, to the approval of the Execu- 
tive Committee before they can take effect. 

Since the close of the first term, which was 
chiefly tentative and experimental, the regula- 



NORMAL SCHCOL. 143 

tions provide that an equal number of volunteer 
and state pupils may be received from each 
county ; and if any county fail to send its quota 
of pupils, the Executive Committee may, at 
their discretion, receive volunteers from other 
counties, till the whole number in the school 
shall reach 256. 

The Executive Committee allowed the State 
pupils during the first term, if females, $1,25, 
and if males $1 per week for board. Volunteer 
pupils have their tuition and text-books gratis ; 
but they must pay tor their own board and other 
expenses. 

The school opened with 29 pupils, and at the 
end of five weeks, (when the first and only re- 
port yet made was prepared, dated Jan. 29, 
1845,) the number had increased to 93, of whom 
67 were state pupils, and 26 volunteers. 

The same report states that the branch of the 
Normal School, to be called " the Experimental 
School," in which the pupils of the Normal 
School are to test their skill as teachers, by 
practising the art of teaching, was to be opened 
at the beginning of the first regular term, to com- 
mence on the 2d Wednesday of April then next. 

A donation to the Normal School to found an 
" Educational Library," has been made by the 
executors of the late James Wadsworth of 
Geneseo, from the proceeds of certain funds left 
by that eminent friend of popular education, to 
be disbursed in such manner as should be deem- 
ed best calculated to promote the well-being and 
efficiency of the schools of the people. 



144 COMMON SCHOOLS. 

The Normal School act provides that the 
state pupils shall be selected, in the several 
counties, by the Board of Supervisors, from per- 
sons of both sexes, not less than 18 years old, 
if males, nor less than 16 years old, if females, 
nominated by the county superintendents ; the 
list of nominees to contain all the candidates for 
selection the counties can furnish, of whose fit- 
ness the superintendents can obtain reasonable 
certainty. The test of such fitness must be 
such attainments in knowledge, and such moral 
standing as would entitle the candidate to the 
legal certificate of competency as a district school 
teacher ; for it is not the purpose of the Normal 
School to impart elementary instruction in the 
district school studies, but to take persons already 
possessing those primary qualifications, and pre- 
pare them to become accomplished and efficient 
teachers^ not merely of those elementary branch- 
es, but of other and higher departments of sound 
learning, and above all, to discipline their minds 
in the knowledge, and form their habits to the 
practice of the most enlightened methods of in- 
tellectual culture and moral training. 

The state is divided into 10,990 school dis- 
tricts, averaging a little over four square miles 
each. This, supposing the school-houses to be, 
as they generally are, centrally situated, brings 
the remotest children of each district within 
about a mile of the school. 

The whole amount of the moneys applicable 
to the support of the Common Schools and dis- 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 145 

trict libraries of the State, for the year ending 
Dec. 31st, 1844, was as follows : 
Apportioned by the State $275,000.00 

Equal amount raised by Supervisors 275,000.00 
Voluntarily raised by Towns 18,000.00 

Raised in Cities under special laws 200,000.00 
Proceeds of local funds 18,000.00 



Total, $786,000.00 

Of this sum, four-fifths, as already stated, go 
to the payment of teachers' wages, and the other 
one-fifth to the increase of the district libraries, 
or to the supply of these schools with maps, 
:^lobes, and other apparatus. 

The number of districts making reports ac- 
cording to law, for the year ending December 
Ust, i843, was 10,857, and in them, schools 
.vere maintained for an average period of eight 
nonths during the same year. 

The whole number of Common School chil- 
Iren, that is, children between the ages of 5 and 
16 years, residing in the state, excluding the 
:ity of New-York, was 611,548 ; and the whole 
lumber attending school, during portions of the 
■same year, again excluding the city of New- 
York, was 650,199. The number as reported 
attending the public schools in the city of New- 
York, during said year, was 58,257, which 
gives 709,156 as the whole number of children 
which attended school more or less during said 
year, in the entire state. This is rising 50,000 
over the preceding year. Of the whole number 
nearly 20,000 attended the whole year j 30,000 
13 



14tf COMMON SCHOOLS. ■ 

for at least ten months ; 65,000 for at least eight 
months ; 150,000 for at least six months ; 
284,000 for at least four months ; and 474,000 
for at least two months ; leaving still about 
235,000 who attended for less than two months. 
The statement also shows that of the number 
attending school during said year, excluding the 
city of New- York, 3,865 were not within the 
ages of 5 and 16 years. 

The whole number of pupils engaged in the 
study and practice of vocal music, increased 
during the year, from 10,220 in the winter time, 
to 47,618 ; and in the summer term from 17,632 
to 43,243. " The introduction of this exercise 
has been attended by the happiest effects on the 
minds and morals of the pupils." 

During said year there has also been a gradual 
but obvious improvement in the school-houses, 
grounds, and appurtenances. Of the 9,038 
schools visited during said year, 8,340 school- 
houses were of framed wood ; 566 of brick ; 523 
of stone ; and 526 of logs ; showing an increase 
in the number of brick houses of 120 ; of framed 
wood, 650 ; and a diminution of log-built houses 
of 145, since the preceding annual report. 
There still remain, however, about 3,000 dis- 
tricts with school-houses unfit for their proper 
purposes, and more than double that number 
lamentably deficient in proper appurtenances. 

The whole amount of public money actually 
applied to the payment of the wages of teachers 
legally qualified, was $544,656,06 ; and to the 
purchase of books for the district libraries, 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 14T 

$94,950,54. The amount raised by rate-bills 
for teachers' wages, was 447,565,97, which, 
added to the public money applied to the same 
purpose, makes $992,222,03, as the aggregate 
amount of teachers' wages paid during the year. 
The average monthly wages of the male teachers 
varies but little from $14,00 ; while of the 
female teachers the average is about $7,00 ex- 
clusive of board. 

The whole amount of public money received 
and apportioned b}^ the Town Superintendents 
among all the districts, making the reports re- 
quired by law, was $732,559,51 — of which 
$539,069,32 were applicable to teachers' wages, 
and $94,647,10 to the increase of the libraries. 

In the city of New- York $90,597,05, and in 
Kings Co. (Brooklyn,) nearly $3,000 were ap- 
plied, under special enactments, to the purchase 
of sites, the building of school-houses, &c. 

The whole number of volumes in all the dis- 
trict libraries is 1,038,296 ; and the Superintend- 
ent states that he had taken measures to ascer- 
tain the extent of circulation of these volumes, 
as well as the general scope of their contents. 
Among the collateral aids of the Common School 
system, the Superintendent refers, in terms of 
commendation, to educational publications, lec- 
:ures, organized associations, occasional conven- 
tions of Superintendents, and espcially to 
''Teachers' Institutes" for improvement in the 
art of teaching, and thus bearing, to some extent, 
the character of normal schools. 



tiS COMMON SCHOOLS. 

COMMON SCHOOL FUND. 

This fund is made up as follows, viz : bonds 
for state lands sold, and for loans of the fund 
moneys ; bank and state stocks in which moneys 
of the fund have been invested ; bonds for the 
old state loans of 1792 and 1808, and for loans 
in 1840 ; all which together constitute what is 
called the " productive fund." The amounts of 
the several items of this fund are as follows : 

Capital. 

Bonds for State lands sold, ,^975,711,18 

" for Fund moneys loaned, - 338,561,87 

" for State loans of 1792, 110,671,23 

•* *♦ " 1808, 214,886,26 

1840, 8,200,00 

Shares in Merchant's bank, N. Y., 52,300,00 

« Manhattan company, N. Y., 50,000,00 

Certain stocks of this State, 23,200,96 

Cash in State Treasury, 219,384,85 

Total productive capital of Fund, #1,992,916,35 

The unproductive portion of this fund consists 
of the remaining and unsold lands of the state, 
amounting to 358,000 acres lying chiefly in the 
northern, or fourth senate district, and estimated 
by the Surveyor-general at $179,000, or an 
average of fifty cents per acre. 

The receipts and disbursements of this fund 
for the year ending September 30, 1844, (the 
close of the fiscal year,) as gathered from the 
annual report of the comptroller dated January 
20, 1845, were as follows : 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 149 



Balance of revenue in hand, Sept. 30, 

1843, $69,010,68 

Int. on bonds for lands, $;60,541,16 

on loans, 40,12.5,41 

on loan of 1792, 6,097,13 

*< «« 1808, 11,857,02 

" *•' 1840, 2,533,41 

Rents for lands leased, 328,07 

Dividends on bank shares, 4,079,40 

Interest on stock of the state, 1,360,04 

Amount transferred from general fund 
for interest on money in the trea- 
sury belonging to the capital of 
Common School fund, 6,905,17 

133,826,81 

Appropriated from the income of U. S. 

deposit fund, 165,000,00 



Total rec's for the year ending Sep. 30, 1844, ^367,837,49 



DISBURSEMENTS. 

Amount of moneys apportioned and paid 

out to Common Schools, $275,000,00 

Paid to the Shinnecock Indians, under 

chap. 148 of laws of 1841, 80,00 

Amount transferred to Canal Fund, for 

interest on certain bonds up to the time 

of their transfer to Common School fund, 3,738,03 

Total Disbursements, #278,818,03 

This sum of $278,818,03 being deducted from 
the total receipts, say $367,837,49, leaves a 
balance in hand of $89,019,46, at the close of 
the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 1844. 

The strict revenue of the Common School 
Fund proper, excluding all receipts from any 
13* 



is4 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 



other source, is stated en page five of the Comp 
troller's annual report, dated January 20, 1845 
at $133,826,51 ; and the productive capital c 
said fund at $1^,992,916,35, as already given ii 
this account. 

The CAPITAL of this Fund varies from year t( 
year, not only from new sales of lands of the 
fund, by v^hich means unproductive capital i^ 
converted into productive, but it varies also ir 
the form of investment, from the payment anc 
cancelling of bonds for lands and loans which 
had been drawing interest, and from the invest- 
ment of the proceeds of such payments, and oi 
other cash on hand, in new bonds, or other 
securities. 

This account, with th ccapital of the Fund 
for the fisca] year ending Sept. 30, 1844, shows 
the following results. 

Amount of new bonds for lands sold, $S,186,Sl 

*' invested in bonds for Canal Fund lands 

transferred to School Fund, 8,653,33 

" new bonds from Commissioners of 

Canal Fund for moneys so invested, 23,143,15 
*' rec'd for principal of bonds for lands, 65,845,0(5 
for loans, 28,763,41 
*' loan of 1792, 2,591,50 
«' «' •« " 1808, 4,288,69 

** " " " 1840, 25,000,00 

" for redemption of lands resold for non- 
payment of interest, 486,88 
" for first payments on new sales of lands, 9,573,22 

Of the above items, the first, or new bonds for 
lands, the amount received for redemption of 
lands, and the amount of first payments on lands 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 161 

sold, making in all $18,249,91, go to increase 
the productive capital of the fund ; the small 
sum of $426,71 being a surplus on resale of 
land refunded to the person having the claim to 
said land, after paying the dues to the fund, is 
the only item of decrease, and being deducted 
leaves a nett increase of $17,823,20. All the 
other items only vary the form of investment. 

The total amount of the fund at the close of 

the fiscal year, Sept. 30, 1S42, was ^'1,976,093,15 

To which add the real increase of 1844, 17,823,20 



And it makes the productive capital on Sep. 

30, 1844, as already stated, ^1,992,916,35 

Though this closes the account of the Common 
School Fund, yet it will be convenient to have, 
in direct connection with it, a statement of the 
sums required by law to be raised by the people, 
for Common School purposes, as the condition 
of sharing in the distribution of the moneys of 
the Fund. These sums for 1844, together with 
the money apportioned from the Fund and other- 
wise by the State, were as follows : 

Amount of public moneys apportioned, $275,000,00 

Equal amount raised by Supervisors, by 

town tax, 27-'),000,00 

Amount voluntarily raised by towns, 18,000,00 

Amounts raised in cities under special acts, 200,000,00 
Proceeds of local funds, 18,000,00 



Total sum for Schools and Libraries, for 1S44> $786,000,00 



152 COMMON SCHOOLa, 

LITERATURE FUND. 

I This fund is devoted to the benefit of the in- 
corporated Academies of the State, as its main 
object ; and its income is annually apportioned 
among them by the Regents of the Universit}", 
to whose visitorial authority they are subject; 
the actual payment of the several quotas being 
restricted in each year, however, to such Acade- 
mies only as shall have made to the Regents the 
annual report of their affairs and management, 
as required by law. 

The capital of this Fund consists of the f»>Ilow- 
ing items, as stated in the Comptroller's annual 
report dated January 20, 1845. 



Capital 




Certain stocks of this State amounting in 




all to, 


$117,720,87 


100 shares of $Q0 each in Albany In- 




surance Company, 


G,000,00 


579 shares of #28 each in N. Y. State Bank, 


16,212,00 


23 shares of $20 each in Canal Bank 




Albany, 


4G0,0D 


2554 shares of $50 each in Merchant's 




Bank, N. Y., 


127,700,0Q 


Money in the Treasury, 


897,70 


Total productive capital. 


#268,990,57 



To this fund also belongs about 11,000 acres 
of land unsold, and therefore not yet productive ; 
when sold and converted into bonds it will be- 
gin to produce income. 



1 



COMMON SCHOOLS. 153 

Revenue of Literature Fund for year ending September 
30th, 1844. 

Balance on hand Sept. 30, 1843, ^17,525,60 

Dividends from Bank and Insurance stock, 12,604,26 

Interest on State stock, 5,880,08 
Appropriation from income of (J. S. Deposit 

Fund, 28,000,00 



Total income for year ending Sept. 30, 1844, $64,015,94 



Disbursements for Literature Fund for same year. 

Apportioned to Academies, J $40,019,24 

Paid for Books, 3,423,03 

Paid to Normal School, 20,23 

Contingent expenses of Regents' University, 639,51 
Year's interest on #4,825 State stock held 

in trust for Delaware Academy,- 289,50 



Total Disbursements for same year, $44,391,55 



Balance on hand Sept. 30, 1844. $19,624,38 



CHAPTER XII. 

ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. 

• From New York westward, the traveller, if he 
wishes to go by the lakes, will take a Hudson 
river steamboat to Albany, and at Albany a rail- 
road car by the way of Utica, Rochester, and 
Syracuse to Buffalo ; from Buffalo (if he is bound 



154 ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. 

for the interior of Ohio or the Ohio river) to 
Cleveland, from Cleveland to Columbus, Ohio, 
and from Columbus to Cincinnati, which is on 
the Ohio river. The distances will be seen 
under the proper head. This is the great north- 
ern route to the Ohio river ; but should he seek 
to strike the Mississippi river, say at St. Louis, 
instead of leaving the lakes at Cleveland, he 
would continue by steamboat to Chicago and 
then take stage to Alton, Illinois, and then four- 
teen miles will bring him to the St. Louis ferry 
and to the city of St. Louis. In case of high 
water, which is not to be much depended on, he 
might strike for the head waters of the Illinois 
river, and thence by steamboat proceed to St. 
Louis, or he might strike the Wabash at Lafay- 
ette and thence by boating proceed to St. Louis. 
Yet if a traveller is destined for the last named 
city, he will find, first from here to Philadelphia 
by railroad, thence to Baltimore by railroad, 
thence to Cumberland by railroad, thence to 
Wheeling by stage, and thence to St. Louis by 
steamboat, not only his quickest but his best and 
cheapest route. If he is bound from here to 
New Orleans, and takes an interior line, the 
last named one would be followed, except thus 
at Wheeling he would take if possible a steamer 
direct, without going up to St. Louis, which, 
both ways from the mouth of the Ohio, would 
be something over four hundred miles out of his 
way. The usual practice is to take a boat at 
Wheeling to Cincinnati, and then if no boat is 
up for New Orleans, to proceed to Louisvillcj 



ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. 155 

where one can hardly fail of a direct convey- 
ance at any and all times for the lower coun- 
try. This route may be put down at about 
twelve days ; the Atlantic, or as it is sometimes 
called the great southern route, is about ten days. 
It is the mail route, and, as will be seen, some- 
what the quickest. But it is a very bad route ; 
the fatigue on the river route is nothing in com- 
parison, for with the exception of about thirty 
hours, the travel is altogether by steamboat; 
besides, the river route is the cheapest by at 
least fifty per cent. Nowhere in the world is 
travelling so cheap as on our western rivers ; the 
reason is, that there is no preconcertion among 
boat owners as to price, and there are almost as 
many different owners as boats, but to more than 
anything else probably is this owing that they 
are all freight boats. Freight is their chief 
dependence, and they take passengers inciden- 
tally. Provision or table supplies throughout this 
whole section of country, are also very cheap. 

A boat for freight, but carrying passengers, it 
seems to us would be on the Hudson river a 
profitable investment, built as on the Mississippi, 
with great power, so that her tonnage would but 
little retard her speed ; such a boat, by the expe- 
rienced traveller, would be preferred to one 
purely for passage, because she would run much 
steadier, and her cabins and state-rooms being 
above deck would be far more pleasant. The 
majority of merchants also generally, find many- 
packages which they would much prefer to take 
along with them on their return. 



156 ELIGIBILITY OF IMPORTANT ROUTES. 

Little need be said as to eastern and northern 
routes, there is but little choice, and the traveller 
may take the one or the other without any 
material variation as to time and price. 

The thoroughfares of the United States are 
improving annually, and the facilities of railroad 
and steamboat travel are now^ to be found almost 
everywhere. They are not all, however, yet 
complete ; but the connecting links are in pro- 
gress, and at an early period to be perfected, 
"when our outspread and far reaching territory 
will be as it were a compact state, if we look 
alone to the requisite time of communication as 
compared with former years. Within the me- 
mory of man the distance to Albany has been 
reduced from three and four days to eight hours, 
and to other points in similar proportion ; for 
instance, from New York to Cincinnati on the 
Ohio, from three weeks to four days, this for the 
transmission of passengers and goods. The com- 
munication of intelligence by magnetic telegraph, 
will be made instantaneous. The latter is an 
invention which, by suitable arrangements and 
such improvements as must necessarily suggest 
themselves, will undoubtedly come into general 
use as between distant points. In its present 
condition, if it does not promise so much as the 
languine at first anticipated, it is less owing pro- 
bably to the availibility of the galvanic power, 
ihan the unwise and unbusiness like course pur- 
sued in some instances in the construction and 
tnanagemeni of the lines. 



157 . - -"^ 

CHAPTER XIII. 

'CONVENIENT RULES FOR COMPUTATION. 

For the computation of interest and any per 
•centums. 

Six Per Cent. 

Multiply the number of dollars by the num- 
ber of days, and divide the product by 60, and 
the quotient will be the interest in cents for the 
whole time. 

Example. — What is the interest on $75 for 
ninety days at 6 per cent. ? 

75 X 90 = 6750, and 
60)6750(1121 or $1.12i cents, 
which is the required interest on the sum pro- 
posed. The reason of the rule is obvious. For 
6 per cent, is $6 on $100 for one year, one 
year if we reckon 30 days to the month, and 12 
months to a year is 360 days. If it is $6 for 
360 days, for one day it will be 1-360 part of 
$6 ; 1-360 pa;t of $6 is 6-360 of one dollar, oi 
1*60 of a dollar reduced to its lowest terms. If 
it is 1-60 of a dollar on $100 for a day, on one 
dollar it will be MOO part of 1-60, which is 
1-6000 of a dollar. Then we see that ]-600» 
part of a dollar is the interest on one dollar for 
one day at 6 per cent., for 90 days it would be 
90 times as much, or 90-6000, which equals 
six one-eighth of a dollar on $1.12 J as before j 
for 7 per cent, add one-sixth of the interest ob- 
14 



258 CONVENIENT RULES FOR COMPUTATION . 

tained as above to itself, that is, 6). 112^(18^ 
75 X 1.12^, is $1,3125, which is the interest 
for seven per cenli. 

For 8 per cent, add two-sixths of the interest 
found for 6 per cent, or proceeding on the 
demonstraitix)n substituting any assumed rate per 
cent in the place of 6. It wiJl be seen that this 
mode of computation is analytic and inductive^ 
It is embodied in the rule as first given, and 
amounts to nothing more than finding the value 
of a fraction, the time multiplied into the rate 
being at all times its value. The pastime of a 
clerk or the leisure hour of any man passed oc- 
casionally in practical demonstrations on various 
rates per cent., will prove far more efficient than 
interest tables, and will enable such to compute 
interest readily and accurately, without anything 
more than a meatal process. Partnership inter- 
ests, both with amd without time, insurance 
brokerage, and commissions, become the same 
as interest in computation. One rule, one 
demonstration governs all alike, is comnion (in 
mathematical language,) to thesn all, and we 
have given, taking 6 per cent, as a basis, both 
the application and demonstration. 

For further instances 5 per cent, commissions 
is 5- 100 on the transaction, suppose the whole 
to amount to $500, then fiv'3 one-hundredths of 
$500 is what we want r one one-hundredths of 
$500 is $5 ; five one-hundredths is five times 
as much, or $25^ and $25- is the commission on 
$500 at 5 per cent. The same may be said of 
any other rate and any other sum» 



CONVENIENT RULES TOR COMPUTATION. 159 

Assessments of Loss or Gain in Partnerships. 

The same as we have said is to be observed 
in computing each partner's share of profit or 
loss. Suppose A. B. & C. to become partners. 
A. puts in $500, B. $600, and C. $400, then 
evidently 500, 600, 400, which is $1,500, is 
the whole capital stock. Now if they gain, say 
$500, then $1500 has gained $500, and A.'s 
$500 of capital must take 500 fifteen-hundredths 
of the 500 of gain ; 500 fifteen-hundredths \s 
one-third, and one-third of 500 is $1662. B.'s 
600 of capital must take 600 fifteen-hundredths 
or two-fifths ef the 500, which is 200, and Cs 
400 is 400 fifteen-hundredths, or four-fifteenths 
of the $500 which is $133^. It is thus to be 
seen that the same rule, the same demonstration 
applies to all these different departments, and 
of course there can be no exception where the 
required computation is in the nature of a per 
centum, or more correctly, when a certain given 
sum of money for a given time gains or looses 
another certain sum, that then what will anoth- 
<ir given sum gain or lose in the same propor- 
tion. 

The astonishing powers of mental calculation 
so far as they can be traced, are on the above 
principle of reasoning, and if any one will take 
the trouble to try the experiment himself, ot 
test it on a youth, he will see that it can be car- 
ried easily to a great extent, and is more accu- 
rate than the use of the common arbitrary rules, 
because the mind has always before it the ratinale 



160 CAN4L TOLLS FOR 1846. 

of Ihe process, the ready means of demonstrative 
proof. 



CHAPTER XIV. 
NEW YORK CANAL TOLLS FOR 1S46. 

1845. 1S4G. 
cts. m. cts. m. 

Oil floui', salt beef and pork, butter, clieese, 
tallow,, lard, beer and cider per 1000 lbs 
per mile, 4.5 4.0 

On bran and ship-stufF in bulk, per 1000 lbs 

per mile, 4.5 2.0 

On pot and pear-1 ashes, window Glass, or 
glass ware manufactured in this State, 
kelp, charcoal, broken castings scrap iron, 
and pig iron per 1000 lbs per mile, 45 4.0 

On sheep skins, and raw hides of domestic 
animals of the United States, per 1000 lbs 
per mile, 4.5 4.0 

On hou?ehold furniture, accompanied by 
and actually belonging to families emigrat- 
ing, per 1000 Lbs perV.iile, 4.5 9 3.0 

Oil carts, wagons, sleighs, plows, and me- 
chanics' tools necessary for the owners' 

\ individual use, when accompanied by the 
owner, emigrating for the purpose of set- 
tlement, per 1000 lbs per mile, 4.5 3.0 

On wool, live cattle, sheep, hogs, horns, 

hoofs and bones, per 1000 lbs per mile, 4.5 4.0 

On horses, (and each horse when not weigh- 
ed to be computed at 900 lbs,) per 1000 
lbs per mile, 5.0 3.0 

On rags and junk and manilla, per 1000 lbs 

per mile, 4.5 4.0'; 



18-15. 


cts. m' 


2.0 


3.0 


1.0 



«ANAL TOLLS FOR 1846. 16l 

1S45. 
cts. m. 

X3a pressed hay, and pressed broom corn, 

^v.and cotton, per lUOO lbs per mile^ G 2.3 

On corn per 1000 lbs per mile, 

On potatoes per 1000 lbs per mile. 

On hemp and unmanulactGred tobacco, go- 
ing towards tide water, per 1000 lbs per 
mile, 1.0 

On wheat and other agricultural productions 
of the United States not particularly spe- 
cified, and not being merchandize, per 
1000 lbs per mile, 4.5 4.0 

On merchandise, per 1000 lbs per mile, viz^ 

1. On sugar, molasses, cotFee, nails and 
spikes, iron and steel, and crockery, go- 
ing fror^i tide water, 9.0 5.0 

2. On other merchandize, 9.0 8.0 
On all articles of the manufacture of the 

United States-, going towards tide water, 
although they may be enumerated in the 
foregoing list, per 1000 lbs per mile ^ 4.5 4.0 

There can be no doubt but this reduction will 
be the means of directing an increased amount of 
the great staple products of the West — Flour, 
Wheat, Beef, Pork, Butter, Lard atid Tallow, as 
well as Hemp, Cordage, Cotton, Cotton Yarni^, 
Tobacco, &c. &c., through the Erie Canal. It 
is very probable, that the reductitsn on Sugar, 
Molasses, Coffee, &c., will enable the growers 
of these articles, (except coffee perhaps,) to sup- 
ply the country through the Miami Canal and 
the Lakes, as far East as Utica, as cheap as they 
can be supplied by way of the coast and New 
York city. 



14- 



862 NEW ORLEANS, 

CHAPTER XV. 
NEW ORLEANS. 

The great commercial depot of the Mississppi 
valley may, perhaps, be best seen through the 
medium of her trade and population. She has 
over eleven thousand miles of inland navigation, 
and is the only outlet of the trade of the West 
by river navigation. 

^' In 1718 the site of the town was fixed by the 
French Governor, Bienville,, but in 1785 the to- 
tal population was only 4,780. In that year it 
was allowed as a depot for American Goods by 
the Spanish King. In 1803 it is well known the 
interests of Louisiana became altogether Ajiieri- 
can. The city was incorporated in 1804, and in 
six years after, its population was 24,352, an in- 
crease of three hundred per cent. With the 
Fauxbourgs and Lafayette, it now extends five 
miles along the banks of the Mississippi, with a 
dej^th of a half mile and moie. 



Est. 





POPULATION. 




1810, 


. 


_ 


_ 


24,552 


1815, 


- 


. 


» 


32,947 


1820, 


- 


- 


_ 


41,350 


1825, 


. 


. 


_ 


45,336 


1830,' 


. 


_ 


- 


49,826 


1840, 


- 


- 


- 


102,191 


1845, 


- 


- 


- 


160,000 



1836, 
1837, 
1838, 
1839, 
1840, 
1841, 
1842, 
1843, 
1844, 
1845, 



1836, 



1838, 
1839, 
1840, 
1841, 
18^2, 
1843, 
1844, 
1845, 



NEW ORLEANS. i0$ 

EXPORTS COTTON. 



490,000 bags, 
688,000 " 


738,000 
679,000 




949,000 




821,000 




749,000 




1,088,000 
895,000 




984,000 





EXPORTS TOBACCO. 



41,001 


hhds, 


35,000 




35,000 




30,000 




40,000 




54,000. 




68,000 




89,000 




81,000 




68,000 





EXPORTS SUGAR AND MOLASSES. 

1841—40,000 bbls., say 11,000 Molasses. 
1842—29,000 9,000 

1843—66,000 12,000 

1844—37,001) 3,000 

1845-104,000 17,000 



164 KEW ORLEANS. 

«OOODS RECEIVED AT N. ORLEANS FROM INTERIOR 

1845, - - $57,000,000 

1844, - - 60,000,000 

1843, - * 53,000,000 

1842, * * 45,000,000 



CHAPTER XVI. 



EXPRESS LINES FROM NEW YORK> 

Lines. Where Run. 

Livingston & Wells, - - Albany, Buffalo, &ic. 
Virgil & Rice, - - - Monl^eal, Quebec, &c. 
Adams & Co., - - - - Boston, Phila. Cincinnati, AciSx 
Harnden & Co., - - - Boston, Liverpool, Paris, &c. 
L. Bigelow, - - - - Throughout New England. 
Gay & Co , - - - - Boston, &c. 
Gorton & Co, ^ - *■ - ^ Newport, Providence, &c. 
Sandford & Shoemaker, - Washington. Wheeling, &Cv 
Livingston & Co., - * Philadelphia, &c. 
Greene & Co.> - ^ - - Wheeling, St. Louis, &.c. 
Child & Co., - - - - Port'.and IBangor, &c. 
Phillips &. Co., ... - Nev/ Haven, Hartford, &c. 
Thompson & Co., * - Over Western Railroad. 
Godfrey, ---.-- New Bedfordv, Taunton^ &c. 

These lines which have all been organised and put in 
operation, are found to be of such great Utility as to meel 
with ample support. They are the best convenient car- 
riers by far in the country, where despatch and safeJy 
are required^, _ 



16^ 
A. S. BARNES & CO., 

WHOLESALE 

BOOKSELLERS & STATIONERS, 

No. 51 John-street, (corner of Dutch.) 



ALVAH T. HATFIELD, 

BOOK-BINDER, 

No. 261 Pearl-street. 



EZRA COLLIER, 

BOOKSELLER & PUBLISHER. 
Theological, School, Classical, and Standard 

BOOKS, 

103 Fulton-street, New York. 

PRICJtS INVARIABLY THE LOWEST. 



FRANCIS & LOUTREL, 

STATIONERY WAREHOUSEj 

No. 77 Maiden Lane, 
Between William and Gold streets. New York, 

LEWIS FRANCIS. CYRUS H. LOUTREL. 

Manufacturers of Account Books^ Croton Inks^ 
Manifold Letter Writers, (by which the letter is 
written and copied at the same tim«,) Metallic 
Paper, d)C. fy^ Foreign and country orders 
executed at short notice. 



166 
R. C. ROOT & CO. 

s ffi A s n ® s^" a m s a 

AND 

ACCOUNT-BOOK MANUFACTURERS, 
No. 152 Pearl-street, corner of Wall. 



OILED CLOTHING AND COVERED HAT 

MANUF.\CTORY 

No. 252 Pearl-street, 

New York. 

The subscribers manufacture and keep constantly on 
hand the largest stock in the United States, embracing 
€very article in the line, viz : 
Oiled Long coats Oiled Trousers 

'* Frock " *' Drawi?trings 

^' Jackets Fishermen^'s Over Alls, 

Covered Palm Leaf Hats. 
" Sinnett ** 

Oiled South westers. 
We would call the attention of dealers in the above 
articles to our stock, before they purchase, as we can 
and will sell cheap. 

LEWIS & HANFORD. 
SHIRTa 
We also manufacture all kinds of shirts, viz : 
Linen bosom shirts all grades and prices, 
Fancy shirts " " 

Frilled stripe shirts *' " 

Flannel '♦ " 

Which we are enabled to sell at the lowest market 
|»rices, 

N. B. — Particular attention given to orders. 



167 



J. G. SHAW, 

BLANK-BOOK MANUFACTURER, 
110 John-street. 



THOMAS WOOD 
LITHOGRAPHER, 

117 John-street, New York. 



CAPS. 

: MICHAEL GOOPHEIM 

104 Maiden -uiNE. 

MANUFACTURER AN1> IMPORTER OF CLOTH, VELVET 
AND GLAZED CAPS. 

Fronts, Tassels, Gimps and Cap stock of every 
description. 

WiJl keep constantly on liand a full assortment of 
above mentioned articles. Country merchants and cap 
manufacturers will tind it to their advantage to call and 
examine the above goods, before buying elsewhere. 



GRANNISS & GILBERT 

WHOLESALE 

BOOT AND SHOE STORE, 
96 Maiden-lane 

Constantly on hand a full supply of fine French 
boots, gaiters and slippers of the latest fashion. 



168 

BURT, SEARS & BURT, 
MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IK 

BOOTS, SHOES & BROGANS. 

» Burt, Sears & Co., 63 State st., Boston. 
Burt, Sears & Burt, 83 Pearl st., N. Y. 



J. C. MEEKER & HERBERT, 
WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

BOOTS & SHOES, 

109 Pearl street, (Hanover Square. 

J. C. Meeker, > 
Jacob Herbert, ) 



J. H. RANSOM & CO. 

dealers in 

BOOTS, SHOES, LEATHER, HATS, 
CAPS, &c., 

No. 86 Pearl street, and 54 Water, 
(adjoining Pearl street House.} 



A.; CLAFLIN, 

DEALER IN 

THICK AND KIP BOOTS, BROGANS, &c. 
253 Pearl street, (Up Stairs.) 



169 

CHAMBERLAIN ^ GOLDTHWAIT, 

BOOT & SHOE DEALERS, 

No. 277 Pearl Street. 



CLARK (t SOLOMON, 
WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

BROOMS, PAINTED PAILS, CLOCKS, 

Wood and Willow Ware, Bird Cages of every 
variety, brass-bound Pails, Tubs, &c., India and 
Cotton Twine, Whitewash and Scrub Brushes, 
Bamboo and Reed Poles, 

No. 4 Fulton Street, opposite Fulton Market, 

(Between Front and South sts.) 

4 



Thomas Clark, 
John F. Solomon 



TAGGART & GRAY, 

dealers in 

WOODEN WARE AND BROOMS, 

No. 15 Fulton, cor. of Front street. 
15 



170 
GEORGE W. SMITH, 

WHOLESALE DKALER IN 

BROOMS AND PAINTED PAILS, 
No. 17 Fulton St., (one door from Front.) 

LEWIS P. PAGE, 
WHOLESALE DKALER IN 

BROOMS AND PAINTED PAILS, 
Nos. 19 & 21 Fulton St., (opposite Front st.) 



RODERICK LAWRENCE, 
' WHOLESALK AND RETAIL DEALER IN ° 

CARPETINGS, OIL CLOTHS, &c., &c., 
47 Canal Street, and 65 Lispenard street. 



BENJAMIN CLINTON, 
wholesale and retail dealer in ■ 
CARPETING, FLOOR OIL CLOTHS, &c., &c., 
No. 103 Bowery, 

(Second Carpet Store from Hester Street. 
Rugs, Mats, Druggits, Window Shades, and every 
other article in the line constantly on hand. Cheap for 
Cash. 



171 

SMALLEY & NELDEN, 

IMPORTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

GLASS, CHINA, AND EARTHENWARE, 

LOOKING-GLASSES AND CLOCKS, 

59 Pearl street, (two doors above Broad St.) 

George C. Smalley, ) 
George H. Nelden, ) 



T. & J. S. DAVENPORT, 

I3IP0RTERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, 
No. 174 Washington street, 

(Two doors from Courtlandt street.] 

Thomas Davenport, 
James S. Davenport. 



FREDERICK KELLOGG, 

importer and wholesale dealer in 

COMBS, BUTTONS, AND FANCY GOODS, 
No. 128 Pearl street. 



172 

JOSEPH BAKER & CO., 
(Successors to W. ^ W. Corlies^) 

IMPORTERS OF AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, 
No. 6 Liberty street. 



JAMES M. SHAW, 

IMPORTER AND WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALER IN 

CHINA, GLASS, AND EARTHENWARE, 

70 Chatham street, 

(Between Pearl and Duane streets.) 



F. W. OGSBURY, 

importer AND WHOLESALE DEALER IN 

EARTHENWARE, CHINA, & GLASS,! 

No. 56 Courtlandt street, 

(Between Greenwich and Washington sts.) 
Hotels and Vessels supplied at the lowest rates. 



TROWBRIDGE, DWIGHT, & CO., 
WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

CLOTHING, 

No. 118 Pearl street. ^ 



J. S. PlERSON, 

A. G. Jennings 



173 

J. S. PlERSON & CO., 
WHOLESALE 

CLOTHING WAREHOUSE, 
No. 13 Cedar street, 

,Jr. \ 



Constantly on hand a large assortment of 
Clothing adapted to the Southern and Western 
Markets. Also Ladies and Gentlemen's Cloaks. 



DANIEL DEVLIN, 
CLOTHING, 

AT WHOLESALE AND RETAIL, 

Nos. 27, 29, & 31 John street. 



F. C. ANDREWS, 

No. 35 COURTLANDT STREET, N. Y., 

Manufacturer and dealer in Brass and Wood 
Clocks, Time-Pieces, &c. Furniture Knobs, 
&c., at Cost, at wholesale and retail. 

N. B. Clocks at the lowest cash prices, and 
Trimmings of all kinds for sale. 
15* 



174 
CLOTHING. 

JACOB VANDERBILT, 

36 Maiden Lane, 
(Between William and Nassau streets.) 

Would inform Gentlemen and Boys that they 
can get fashionable clothing made to order, or 
ready made, in a style not to be surpassed, much 
lower than the general prices. 

N. B. Hundreds of pieces of the most fash- 
ionable goods — also a very large assortment of 
ready made garments wholesale and retail. 



SCHRAGE, KOOP, & CO., 

No. 54 New street, 

IMPORTERS OF 

Drugs, Chemicals, Dye-stuffs, Spices, Painters' and 
Artists' Colors, Paper Hangings, &c. Also Kentucky 
Tobacco constantly on consignment and for sale. 



SAMUEL BOWNE ^ CO., 
{Successors to Hull ^ Bourne,) 

WHOLESALE DEALER IN 

DRUGS, PAINTS, AND DYE-STUFFS, 
(No. 83 John street, (between Wm. and Gold sts.) 



175 



LYMAN W. GILBERT, 
AGENT FOR ALLEBASFS MEDICINES, 

46 COURTLANDT StUEET. 



PAUL POW & CO., 
DRUGGISTS, 

No. 96 John Street. 



HAVILAND, KEESE, & CO., 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

DRUGS, MEDICINES, PAINTS, AND OILS, 
No. 80 Maiden Lane. 



BOVING & WITTE, 

IMPORTERS OF 

DRUGS, DYES, COLORS, CHEMICALS, &c., 
94 John street. 

COMSTOCK, & CO., 
No. 21 Courtlandt st., New Y'ork, 
CoMSTocK & Rumsey, 59 Poydras st., New Orleans, 
Comstock & Ross, 19 Tremont Row, Boston, 
Comstock's Brother, 69 Second st., St. Louis, Mo. 

WHOLESALE CHEMISTS AND DRUGGISTS. 



176 

192 BROADWAY, (Corner of John st.) 

TO THOSE WHO SHAVE THEMSELVES. 

The celebrity of " Ring's Verbena Cream'* 
throughout the United States has never been 
approached by any other Shaving Soap. It is 
firmly believed, nay, indeed, it is universally 
admitted, that no article hitherto discovered 
possesses the penetrating, softening effect on the 
roughest beards, that the genuine Verbena 
Cream does. 

Beware of imitations, and observe the written 
signature, under the directions for use, of " C 
H. Ring." 

Prepared, and for sale, wholesale and retail, 
and for exportation, by C. H. RING, Druggist, 
192 Broadway, cor. John street. 

Ring's candy, for coughs, colds, asthma, 
croups, and all diseases of the lungs. This 
Vegetable Cough Candy, prepared from the 
most approved vegetable remedies for coughs, 
is fast taking the lead of all other preparations. 
It is prepared and sold by C. H. Ring, Druggist. 

The compound Syrup of Hydriodate of Potas- 
sa, Sarsaparilla and Yellow Dock, the only 
known sure cure for rheumatism and stiff joints. 
Recommended by the most eminent physicians 
in the city. Prepared by CHARLES H. RING, 
192 Broadway, cor. John street. 



177 

MATTHEW V. B. FOWLER, 

DEALER IN 

DRUGS AND MEDICINES, PAINTS, OILS, DYE- 
STUFFS, &c.,&c. 

No. 88 John street, cor. Gold. 
W. R. Thompson. 

BOTANIC GARDEN, NEW LEBANON. 

WILLIAM T. PEEK, AGENT, 

No. 94 John street. 

A full assortment of Roots, Herbs, Extracts, &c., 
constantly on hand. Also, Powdered Herbs, carefnlly 
prepared and put up for family use. 

Blue and Black Writing Inks. 



United States Thompsonian and Botanic Depot. 

H. WINCHESTER, 

108 John street, wholesale dealer in 

THOMSONIAN AND BOTANIC MEDICINES, 

Shakers' Herbs, Garden Seeds, Medical Books, Glass 
Ware, Syringes, Distilled Waters, Extracts, Ointments, 
Syrups, and every variety of simple and compound 
Medicines, usually kept in Botanic Stores. 

The trade supplied at the lowest market prices 



178 

^^Maison de Sante.^^ 

Depot for the Sale of Genuine Popular 

MEDICINES, COSMETICS, AND PERFUMERY, 

BY WYATT & KETCHAM, 

121 Fulton Street. 



JOHNSON, MOORE, & TAYLOR, 

IMPORTERS OF FRENCH AND ENGLISH 

DRUGS, CHEMICALS, ESSENTIAL OILS, 

BRUSHES. PERFUMERY, STATIONERY, &c., 

81 Maiden Lane, (Up Stairs, near William.) 

Oscar Johnson, 
James Moore, 
H. E. Taylor. 



(Jj;^ The lowest prices asked, and noabatemcnt. 

DINGMAN, BODINE & CO. 

importers of and dealers in 

all sorts of french and english 
STAPLE & FANCY DRY GOODS, 

301 Grand-Street, corner of Orchard, 

Dingjman, 

Bodine & ]■ NEW- YORK. 

Thompson. 



179 

FRANCIS NASH, 
JOBBER OF SILKS, RIBBONS, 

AND 

MILLINERY GOODS. 
[^ No. 12 John- Street, 

NEW-YGRK. 



• J. HAMILTON, : 
' WHOLESALE DEALER IN 

GLOVES, LACES, HOSIERY, 

AND 

FANCY GOODS, 
No. 33 Cbdar-Street, 

NEW-YORK. 



WEST, OLIVER & CO. 

FRENCH, ITALIAN AND INDIA 

SILK GOODS, 
^136 Pearl, and 102 Wat£r-Str££T, 



180 

LEWIS & GOODMAN, 

IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS OF 

CLOTHS, CASSIMERS, VESTJNGS, 
TAILORS' TRIMMINGS. 

AND 

STAPLE & FANCY GOODS, 

ADAPTED TO MEn's WEAR. 

No. 47 John-street, 
Between Nassau and William streets, 

William E. Lewis, ) ^ ^ ^n„ 

Myron S. Goodman, J INEW-YUKK. 



HILL & HARD, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL DEALERS IN 

DOMESTIC AND FOREIGN J 
DRY GOODS, 
No. 307 Grand-street, N. Y* 



B. s. HILL, I rj^^iyjeen Orchard and Ludlow.} 

G. N. HARD, ) *■ 

^0=- Goods not as recomnipnded will be exchanged, or 
money returned. 

Goods sent to any part of the City. 



181 

F. W. HOWE. 

WHOLESALE DRY GOODS, 

79 William and 19 Liberty Street, N. Y. 

KOHLSAAT BROTHERS, 

No. 48 John street. 

Between Nassau and William 6ts.,next to the Church, 

NEW- YORK, 

IMPORTERS OF 

BERLIN ZEPHYR WORSTED, & PARIS FANCY 
GOODS, PATTERNS, CANVASS, FLOSS SILK. 



KNOEPFEL & FOOTE, 

DEALERS IN 

CLOTHS, CASSIMERES, VESTINGS, 

SUMMER STUFFS, 

TAILORS' TRIMMINGS, &c., 
No. 39 John street. 



LOCKHART, GIBSON & CO. 

importers of 
BRITISH GOODS, 

No. 74 William street. 
16 



182 

MARSH & COMPTON, 

STAPLE AND FANCY DRY GOODS, 

No. 92 Pearl street. 



WILSON G. HUNT & CO. 
No. 83 William street, 
[Corner of Maiden Lane.] 

IMPORTERS AND JOBBERS IN 

FRENCH. BELGIAN, GERMAN 

ENGLISH AND AMERICAN CLOTHS, 

Capsimers and Doeskins Vestings, Over Coatings, and 
Summer Groods. Also a large assortment of Goods, 
adapted to Dry Goods Dealers, Merchant Tailors, and 
Manufacturers of Clothing. 



G. & E. RUBEN, 

IMPORTERS OF 

ENGLISH, FRENCH & GERMAN GOODS, 
No. 31 Cedar street, up stairs, 

NEW-YORK. 



I 



183 

L. B. BINSSE & CO., 

IMPORTERS OF 

PARIS GOODS AND FANCY ARTICLES, 

No. 83 William street. 



G. A. BRETT, 

WHOLESALE DEALER IN 

FRENCH AND GFJIMAN FANCY GOODS, 

45 Liberty street, (opposite the Post Office,) 

Up stairs. 



GEORGE F. GERDING, 
IMPORTER OF ' 

GERMAN HARDWARE, 

Guns, Pistols, Glass Ware, French China Goods, 
Musical Instruments, Toys, and Fancy Goods in 
general- 

78 Maiden Lane. 



C. F. A. HINRICHS, 
(Successor to M. Werckmeister,) 

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN 

GERMAN, FRENCH, AND ENGLISH FANCY 
GOODS. 

150 Broadway and 75 Liberty street. 



184 
HOUGHTON & VAN EPS, ! 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

FANCY GOODS, 

Tortoise Shell, [vory, Horn, and Metal Combs, But- 
tons, Brushes, Cutlery, Silver Pencil Cases, Spectacles, 
Spoons, Jewelry, Perfumery, Needles, Pins, Pocket 
Books, Clocks, Looking-Glasses, Paper Hangings, &c., 

No. 5 Cedar street, (up stairs,) 
Three Doors from Pearl. 

E. S. Houghton, 
G. K. Van Eps. 



LANGERMAN & STEINHART, 

importers and dealers in 

FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH FANCY 
GOODS, PERFUMERY, 

Cloths and Cassimeres, ^Buttons, Combs, Cutlery, 
Steel Pens, &c., &c., Wholesale and Retail, 

No. 364 Grand Street. 



LOUIS ROSENFELD & BROTHER, 

IMPORTERS OF 

LOOKING-GLASS PLATES AND FANCY GOODS, 

No. 29 Cedar street. 



185 
WEDELES & MEYER, ] 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

FRENCH, GERMAN, AND ENGLISH FANCY 

GOODS, 
Steel Pen?, Perfumery, Buttons, Combs, &c., &c.« 



WILLIAM A. CROCKER & CO., 

DEALERS IN 

FANCY GOODS, 

Tortoise Shell, Ivory, Horn, and Metal Combs, But-» 
tons, Brushes, Cutlery, Spoons, Accordions, Perfumery^ 
Needles, Pins, Pocket Books^ etc., 

No. 57 John street, (near William street.) 
William A. Crocker, 
Ephraim Gregory. 



88 William street. 

DERAISMES & BOIZAltDi 

importers of 

FRENCH, ENGLISH, AND GERMAN GOODS, 

Brushes, Hooka and Eyes, Percussion Caps, Drug* 
gists' Articles, Fancy Jewelry, Accordions, Work 
Boxes, Purses, Spectacles, Suspenders, Fans, Clocks, 
Perfumery, Twine, &c.,&c 
16' 



186^ 
SPELMAN & FRASER, 
No. 136 Pearl Street, 

IMPORTERS OF 

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND GERMAN FANCY 
GOODS. 

DEALERS IN ALL DESCRIPTIONS OF 

Combs, Brushes, and Perfumeries. Agents for the 
sale of every variety of Pearl, Bone, Horn, Lasting, 
Brocade, Silk, Sporting, and Gilt Buttons. Solid 
Headed Pins, Spool and skein Thread, Hooks and 
Eyes, &c., by the case. 



D. A. BOOTH, 

IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER 

OF ALL KINDS OF 
TRIMMINGS, FRINGE, GIMPS, CORDS AND 

TASSELS, BINDINGS, COAT CORDS, 

ZEPHYR WORSTED, &c., &c. 

No. 100 William-street, 

New- York. 

All orders executed at short notice. 



JAMES S. MAGNUS, 

COACH LACE AND FRINGE MANUFACTURER^ 

No. 104 Fulton-street, 

New-York. 



187 
THOMAS C. FAXON 

IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF 

TRIMMINGS, FRINGE, CORDS, TASSELS. 

BINDINGS, BBAIDS, ZEPHYR WORSTED, &c 

No. 37 John- street. 



CORWIN & ROBERTS 

DEALERS IN 

BUTTER, CHEESE, LARD, PORK, 

HAMS, FISH, FLOUR, GROCERIES, &c. &c. 

Consignments of Butter received daily, from Orange Co. 

Liberal advancements made on Consignments. 

No. 112 Warren-street, 

Between Washington and West-sts. 
New York. 
Walter S. Corwin, 
Charles Roberts. 



GASSNER & YOUNG 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

DEALERS m 

CHOICE GREEN AND BLACK TEAS, 

WINES, GROCERIES, FRUITS, 
FIRE WORKS, SARATOGA WATER, &c. 

No. 132 Chatham-Street, 
New York, 

OPPOSITE CHATHAM THEATRK. 



198 
H. BLYDENBURGH k CO. 
I GROCERS AND COMMISSION MERCHANTS 
3 Coenties-slip, New York. 



GIBNEY k DE CAMP 

: WHOLESALE GROCERS 

175 West-street. 

John Gibnet, 
Albert L. De Camp. 



JAMES R. KEELER & CO, 
COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

DEALERS IN 

BUTTER & CHEESE, 

Ko. 109 Front-street, 

New York. 



JEREMIAH BAME, 

COMMIS&TON MERCHANT 

FOR THE SALE OF GROCERIES, &c. 

OSANGES, LEMONS,- FOREIGN FRUITS, TIMOTHY AND 
CLOVER SEED, &C. 

No. 144 Liberty- street, (Near the North river,) 
New York. 



189 

EDWARD CARTER, 

(Of the late firm of Locke & Carter,) ^ 

Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in 

TIN WARE, TINNERS' TOOLS AND MACHINES. 

Importer of Block Tin and Planished Wares, &c. 

No. 21 f ULTON-STREET, Between Water and Front, 

NEW YORK. 



CORNELL, BROTHERS, 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

HARDWARE, CUTLERY, NAILS, &c. 

No. 269 Pearl-street, New York. 

Samuel M. Cornell, 
Sidney Cornell. 



Wm. greaves & SONS, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

Sheffield Hardware and every description of 

STEEL, railway SPRINGS, &c. 



HARMER & HAYS, 

IMPORTERS OF AND DEALERS IN 

SADDLERY, COACH & TRUNK HARDWARE. 

No. 273 Pearl-street. 



190 

JOHN A. DAVENPORT, JOHN W. QUINCY, CHAS. 
B. DELAPIERRE, 

AMERICAN HARDWARE. 



DAVENPORT, QUINCY, & Co. 

No. 81 John-street, New York. 

Offer to the trade, at Manufacturers' Prices, 
Builders' Hardware — Axes, Carpenters' Tools, 
Saws of every description ; Curry Combs, 
Housekeepers' Hardware, Shovels, Spades, 
Grain Scoops, Scythes, Smiths' Bellows, Car- 
riage Springs, Mineral Door Knobs ; also, 
Spring Steel, round and square Iron from § to 
A in. oval and half oval Iron ; Iron, Brass, and 
Copper Wire, Pig Iron, Cast Steel, fine Cut 
Nails, Sheet Brass, together with every descrip- 
tion of Shelf and heavy Hardware^ manufactured 
in the United States. Manufacturers supplied 
with stock. April, 1846. 

SHELDON SMITH & Co. 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS OF 

SADDLERY & COACH HARDWARE, 
: No. 271 Pearl-street, 



SAMUEL D. WILLMOTT. 

Foreign and Domestic Hardware, Commission 

Merchant and Manufacturer of Saws. 

No, 8 LiBERTY-STREETv 



191 

ABRAHAM VAN NEST, 

IMPORTER AND DEALER IN 

SADDLERY, COACH & HARNESS FURNITURE. 

No. 114 PearL'STReet. 
Abm. Van Nest, 
John Van Nest. 



TRACY, ALLEN & Co. 



IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IW 



HARDWARE CUTLERY & HEAVY GOODS. 
No. 116 Pearl-street, (Hanover Square.) 



WILSON, HAWKSWORTH, MOSS & ELLISON, 

Merchants and Manufacturers of 

STEEL. 

BEELY WOOD & ARUNDEL St. WORKSL 

SHEFFIELD, 



R. S. STENTON. 

No. 74 Maiden Lane. 

General Commission Agent for the sale of foreign 
Hardware, Cutlery, Steel, ^c. Agent for /. Venneys 
warranted Tally Ho Razors. Manufacturer of the 
Electro Magnetic Renovator, a new style of Razor 
Strap. Agent for the sale of Adamantine Safe ; war- 
ran tad ii;e and thief proof. 



192 

WETMORE & Co. 

IMPORTERS AND DEALERS IN 

HARDWARE, BAR IRON & STEEL, 

79 & 81 Vesey cor. of Washington streets, - 

NEW YORK. 

r Anvils, Vices, Smiths Bellows, Shovels, Chadns, Cut Nails, kc. 

A. R. Wetmore. C. W. Carmer. 

H. C. Wktmorb. 



JAMES CORRY 

BIRD CAGE MANUFACTURER AND WIRE 

WORKER, 

29 Fulton-stieet, 

New York. 



WILLIAM HAGAR 

TYPE FOUNDRY. 

48 Gold-street, New York. 



JOHN J. WHITE 

TYPE FOUNDRY 

. 45 Gold-street, New- York. 



193 

D. GILMARTIN, 

WHOLESALE FRUIT DEALER, 

200 Front-street, corner of Fulton, 

New-York. 



JOHN McKEWAN, 

IMPORTER OF TOYS, FANCY GOODS AND 

MUSICAL STRINGS, 
47 Fulton-street, New York. 



HAYS & TREADWELL, 
FRANKLIN HOUSE, 
Bkoadway, New- York. 



WILLIAM P. ORRICK, 

AGENT OF 

D. LEECH & GO'S WESTERN 

TRANSPORTATION LINE, 

No. 7 West-street, 

Mew- York. 



THOMAS WOOD, 

LITHOGRAPHER AND STATIONER, 

117 JOHNSTBEET. 

17 



m4 

CARDS. 

French, Spanish, and English Playing Cards, pmpe- 
ffior Enamelled Ivory and Pearl surface Cards lor print- 
ers, visiting, and business purposes. Blank Cards, 
colored and plain, of all sizes to order. Beautiiully 
embossed, gold -bordered, and gold-edged enamelled 
cards. 

Railroad and Steamboat Tickets. Also any other 
style of Card made in this country always on hand, or 
made to order at short notice, by 

GEORGE COQE, 

71 Fulton Street. 

Also constantly on hand a general assortment of 
Paper, Quills, &c. 



J. LAUMONIER, 

77 William St., (Up Stairs,) 

IMPORTER OF 

French Perfumery and Fancy Articles. Lnbin's 
Extracts, Guertain's Ambrosial Shaving Cream. Cologne 
WateFj Hair Dye, Tooth, Shaving, and JHair Brushes, 
Ox Marrow. Also, French Fancy Labels for Drug- 
gists and Perfumers. 



SHERMAN & SMITH, 
I 
ENGRAVERS AND MAP PUBLISHERS, 

122" Broadway, 



195 
W. APPLEGATE'S PRINTING-OFFICE, 

No. 17 Ann Street, 

Is supplied with every material necessary for the 
^prompt, neat, and economical execution of Letter-press 
Printing. Public attention is res])ectfully requested to 
this establishment, in the assurance that ample satis- 
faction will be given, as regards tyix)graphy, press- 
work, and charges, to those who require fancy or com- 
mon, large or small work clieaply and expeditiously 
executed. Among the many advantages of this office 
over every other, are the following superior presses, 
which are not equalled in America or Europe, viz. : 
The Double Mammoth Cylinder Press, (the largest Ir 
the world) for immense Show-Bills, Charts, &c., which 
cannot be done on a single sheet by any other press. 
The Double Cylinder Napier Press, which prints 6,000 
an hour. Also, a superior Double Cylinder Press, 
built by D, Napier, of London, and improved by A. B. 
Taylor, of this city. Also, an entire new single cylin» 
der Rook Machine, built by R. Hoe & Co. of this city. 

The Rotary Card Press prints 2,000 cards an hour. 
Persons wishing to have printing done are invited t® 
call and examine. 



PETER LOKILLARD, Jr., 

SNUFF k TOBACCO MANUFACTURER, 

42 Chathmi Street. 



IRA BLISS, Agent 

CAMDEN AND AMBOY RAILROAD COMPANY., 

No- 9 "VVest Stjiees-, 



196 

ISAAC CLARK, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

All kinds of Patent Leather Cap Fronts, Boys' Belts, 
Cap Straps, Silk and Worsted Cap and Hat Tassels,. 
Silk and Worsted Braids, Gimps, Glazed Lawn, &c.. 

No. 156 Water street, 

' Second door from Maiden Lane. 



TEA. 

The Canton Tea Company, 

Li order to meet efficiently the prodigious and press- 
ing demands for their Teas from all parts of the Uni- 
ted States, and Canada, have enlarged, to an immense 
degree, their two principal establishments in New York, 
viz., at No. 125 Chatham st., and No. 163 Green- 
wich ST., and have now the satisfaction to inform all 
Grocers, Dealers, Purchasers, and Consumers of Teas, 
that they are prepared to execute Cash orders to an un- 
limited amount, with the utmost rapidity and precision 
at their usual low prices. 

We need scarcely advert to the fact which is so no- 
torious, that in relation to prices and qualities, w^e are 
able to compete with any establishment in the world. 

Unexceptionable references with regard to the high 
character and standing of our House will be cheerfully 
furnished. 

(0- Responsible persons wishing to arrange with 
the Canton Tea Company for the exclusive sale of 



197 

their Celebrated Packed Teas in any Cities or Towns 
in which an agent is not aheady appointed, are re- 
quested to apply to us as speedily as possible, as suck 
agencips are rapidly filling up. 
New York, April, 1846. 



KISSAM & KEELER, 

MANUrACTUHERS OF 

VARNISHES, JAPANS, SAND PAPER» &c. 
No. 110 John strset. 



HICHAUD C- VALENTINE, 

STEREOTYPE FOUNDER, 

No. 45 Gold street. 



F. G. RICKARDSON, 

MANUFACTURER OF V/IRE CLOTH, 

No. 1 07 John street. 



CHRISTIAN G. GUNIIIER, 

FUR DEALER, 

46 Maiden Lane. 
17* 



198 

THOMAS CROMWELL, 
LEATHER DEALER, 

No. 29 Ferry street. 

Constantly on hand, Calf Skins of the best French 
and American finish, Sole Leather, Wax and Grain 
Upper Leather, Welt Leather, Kips, Splits, Linings, 
Bindings, &c. 



FREDERICK LIESE, 

MANUFACTURER AND IMPORTER OF 

SURGECAL INSTRUMENTS, 

No. 102 John street^ 



FRANCLS REYNOLDS, 
GUN, RIFLE, PISTOL, AND FANCY MUSKET 

MANUFACTURER, ' 

No. 48 Chatham street, 

Guns and Pistols of every desciiption bought, sold, 
exchanged, and for hire. Flint Guns altered .to per- 
cussion. Engraving and Repairing. Powder, shots. 
Balls, Caps, &c. Game and Bird Bags. 



199 

A. HUET, 

No. 75 William street, 

IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF 

CHEAPINDIA RUBBER SUSPENDERS. 



JAMES M. THORBURN & Co., 

SEED AND PLANT WAREHOUSE, 

No. 1 5 John street, New York, 

AND Astoria, L. I. 



I J. D. PRICE, & CO., 
CASH TAILORING ESTABLISHMENT, 

No. 35 John St., (two doors from Nassau.) 

Gentlemen's Garments made to order with 
neatness and despatch low for cash. 

PRICE, ELLIS, & CO., Mobile, Ala. 



117 John-street, New York. 



200 

JAMES M. WHITE, 

FASHIONABLE 

TAILORING ESTABLISHMENT, 

No. 95 William Street. 

J. M. W. having enlarged his store and added 
to his stock from recent importations, some of 
the newest styles of Cloths, Cassimeres, a 
Vestings, is prepared to execute orders in his 
line in a style which, if equalled, cannot be sur- 
passed. His coats iii particular are the admira- 
tion of all who have worn or seen them. 

Taste and Fashion are here combined. 
To suit the most fastidious mind. 

A full suit completed in 12 hours' notice. 

N. B. Always on hand a general assortment 
of outfitting articles, such as Shirts, Drawers^ 
Cravats, Scarfs, Suspenders, Gloves, &c. 



BENJAMIN PIKE & SON, 
OPTICIANS, 

IMPORTERS AND MANUFACTURERS OF 

MATHEMATICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL 
INSTRUMENTS, 

No. 166 Broadway, 
(Four doors below Maiden Lane,) 
benjamin pike, 

DANIEL PIKE. 



201 
EDWARD BAACK, 

MANUFACTURER AND IMPORTER OF 

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, 

Of all Colours and Qualities, of the best German Manufacture. 

No. 81 Fulton-Street, (Corner of Gold.) 

All kinds of Musical Merchandise constantly on 
hand. 



G. V. HOUSE & CO. 

manufacturers and dealers in X 

CLOCKS, WATCHES, LOOKING-GLASSES, 
VARNISHES, CABINET FURNITURE, &e. &c. 

Wholesale and Retail, 

No. 107 Fulton street, 

G. V. HOUSE, J NEW-YORK. 

H. M. HERBERT, ' 



WILSON, BROWN & CO. 
COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

NEWTORK. 



202 

FOWLERS & WELLS, 

PRACTICAL PHRENOLOGISTS & PUBLISHERS, 

Phrenological Cabinet, 131 Nassau street, 

O. S. & C/N. FOWLER, ) NEW-YORK. 

S. R. WELLS. ) 

Works on Phrenology and Physiology, Wholesale and Retail, 

CABINET FREE TO VISITORS. 

{0- Office open for Examinations daily. 



LEOPOLD LANG, 

IMPORTER AND MANUFACTURER OF 

LADIES' FANCY FURS, 

No. 36 Maiden Lane. 



JOHN G. HENRY, 

Wholesale and Retail 
CONFECTIONER, 
"No. 233 Grand street. 



203 
[ DUNCKER & BECKER, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

WINDOW SHADES, 

No. 58 Chatham street, 
(Next door to corner of Cha.iibcrs street,) 



PENDLETON & TYSON, 

WHOLESALE 

DOMESTIC & FOREIGN FRUIT, 
No. 20 Fulton street. 



H. Pendleton, jr 
J. Tyson. 



LEVI CHAPMAN, 
No. 102 William street, 

MANUKACTURER OF THE CKLEBItATE0 

MAGIC RAZOR STROP OF FOUR SIDES, 
FROM 60 TO 80 DOZEN MADE DAILY. 



204 

GEORGE MEYER & SONS, 

IMPORTERS & 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
No. 275 Pearl street. 



DEPEW, MANN & CO. 
COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 

AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

IMPORTED WINES, BRANDIES, GINS, CIGARS, 
AND DOMESTIC LIQUORS, 



No. 114 Warren STREET, 
(Six doors from West.) 



Wm. Depew, 
B. E. Mann, 
L. Teal 



ROBERTSON & POLHEMUS, 

WOOL AND GENERAL PRODUCE 

COMMISSION MERCHANTS, 
No. 281 Pearl street. 



205 
JOSHUA UNDERHILL, 

MANUFACTURER OF 

PARLOR, HALL & COOKING STOVES, 
* No. 329 Grand street, 

(Opposite Essex Merket.) 

New and splendid patterns of Stoves for Halls, Parlcrc 
Offices, &c. 



BRUSHES & BELLOWS, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL. 

JOSEPH WEST, 

Late J. & T. S. WEST— EARL & WEST, 

No. 45 Fulton street, 

(Two doors above Pearl— Removed from 40 to 49.) 
SMITHS' BELLOWS WARRANTED. 



SCHANCK & DOWNING, 

No. 108 Fulton street, 

importers and dealers rN 

ENGLISH, FRENCH, AND AMERICAN, WINDOW 5 

COACH AND PICTURE GLASS. 
i8 



206 
J. DELVEAU & J. F. BROWNE, 

MANUFACTURERS OF THE 

IMPROVED PATENT DOUBLE-ACTION HARP, 

BY 

ROYAL LETTERS PATENT, 

LONDON. 

Establislied, 1810. 

(MANY YEARS WITH ERARD.) 




August, 1840. 

J. F. Browne respectfully informs his friends and the 
Musical World, that he has established himself for the 



207 

manufacture and importation of these very beautiful instru- 
ments, at 

281 Broadway, and 73 1-2 Chambers street, 

His arrangements are such as to enable him to transact 
business at European prices, thereby saving purchasers 
the high duties imposed by Tariff on these Instruments, 

J. F. Browne would observe, these Harps are construct- 
ed on the most approved principles, with all the modern im- 
provements of London and Paris, are unequalled in bril- 
liancy of tone, fineness of touch, and perfectness of 
mechanism. Particular care is taken to fit them for the 
extremes of climate in this country, in which respect they 
will be found far superior to any of European manufacture, 
imported in the usual way. 

These Harps are patronized by the elite of musical taste 
and professional talent in Europe ; among the latter he 
would mention N. C. Bochsa, who invariably selects from 
this establishment. 

J. F. Browne begs to offer the opinions of some of the 
first professional talent in this country. 

List of Prices and descriptions can be forwarded per 
single postage. Harps from 300 to 1000 dollars- 

STRINGS, MUSIC &c 



WAREHOUSE OF THE LANSL^JGBURGH 

BRUSH MANUFACTORY, 

JOHN G. M'MUrY.RAY & CO. 

No. 279 Pearl street. 



208 

O. J. NOYES, 

MANUFACTURER AND WHOLESALE DEALER IK 

EVERY VARIETY OF 

LINEN, MUSLIN, FANCY AND COMMON SHIRTS, 

No. 27 Cedar street, (up stairs,) 

3C?=* Shirts made to order. 



DIETZ, BROTHER & Co. 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

IMPROVED LAMPS, 
No. 13 John Street, New York, 
And 62 Fulton street^ Brooklyn. 



1846 



MERCHANTS' TRANSPORTATION 
COMPANY, 

WESTERN TRANSPORTERS. 

JSTo. 9 Coenties Slip, New^ York. 



209 

BAKER, CRANE & DAY, 

STATIONERS AND ACCOUNT BOOK 

MANUFACTURERS, 

158 & 374 Pearl-street, 

NEW YORK. 



G. C. Baker, 
S. M. Crane, 
E. M. Day. 



J. N. GIMBREDE, 

LATE JOSEPH PERKINS 

VISITING CARD ENGRAVER, 

No. 4 John-street, near Broadway 

NEW YORK. 

Cards, Tickets, &c. printed with the utmost neatness. 



JAMES BREWSTER, 

CARRIAGE REPOSITORY, 

And Dealer in Carriage Furniture, 

No. 25 & 27 Canat.-street, 

NEW YORK. 

A general assortment of Carriages and Harness always on hand. 
18* 



210 
SORIA'S DYING ESTABLISHMENT. 

THE OLDEST ONE IN NEW-YORK. 
EVERY VARIETY OF 

SILK, COTTON & WOOLLEN DYING, 

EXECUTED PROMPTLY. 

Principal Office, 490 Pearl-street. 

BRANCHES : 

257 Bleecker, 352 Bowery, and 357 Grand-street 



THOMAS H. CHAMBERS, 

{Formerly Conductor to Dubois & Stodart,) 

PIANO FORTE MANUFACTURER. 

No. 385 Broadway, 

NEW YORK. 

N'. B.— All Piano Fortes sold at this Establishment are Warranted 
to stand the action of any climate. 



MEYER & POPPENHUSEN, 

No. 86 John-street. 

Wholesale Dealers & Manufacturers of 

WHALEBONE, 

Importers of Walking Canes, ^c. 

Always on hand, a large assortment of all kinds of Umbrella, 
Whip, Dress, Bonnet and Corset Bone ; also, of German and 
French Walking and Umbrella Sticks. 



211 
MILLER & COATES, 

DEALERS IN 

P[G, BAR & SHEET LEAD, 

LEAD & IRON PIPE, TIN PLATES. 

Block Tin, Sheet Iron, Copper, Zinc, &c. 

25 Fulton-street, (corner of Water-Street) 

NEW YORK. 



H. E. INSLEY'S. 

ONE DOLLAR DAGUERRIAN 

PORTRAIT GALLERIES, 

No. 132 & 155 Broadway, {Cor. of Cedar-St.) New 
York, ^* 113 Chesnut -street, Philadelphia. 

As persons are obliged to pass their door, strangers 
should be extremely cautious to see that they get the right 
name : Front room, No. 10, on the floor above them. 
Front rooms only, in this building, have a light sufficient 
to produce a uniform, clear, and bold picture. Ladies 
who would avoid heavy shades, will please notice thia 
fact. 

Enclosed in a Morocco case for One Dollar. 



212 

H. M. GREENE & CO. 

No. 158 Pearl-street. 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC STRAW GOODS 

BY THE PACKAGE. 



L. C H A P I N , 

DEALER IN 

STRAW BONNETS, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, &c. 
No. 12 John-street. 



J. H. HILLS, 

Manufacturer and Wholesale Dealer in 

STRAW GOODS, PALM LEAF HATS, 
ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, &c. 

, No. 136 Pearl-street, up stairs. 



ISAACKS & RANSOM, 

JOBBERS OF 

SILKS, RIBBONS, LACES, FLOWERS, 

MILLINERY AND STRAW GOODS, 

No. 16 John-street. 



213 
WILLIAM E. WHITING & CO. 
DEALERS IN STRAW GOODS, 
122 Pearl-street, New York. 



PHELPS & CURTIS, 

WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

SILKS, RIBBONS, AND MILLINERY ARTICLES, 
No. 33 John, corner of Nassau-street. 



R. T. WILDE & CO. 

MANUFACTURERS AND WHOLESALE DEALERS IN 

FOREIGN AND DOMESTIC STRAW GOOODS, 
PALM LEAF AND LEGHORN HATS, 

BAND BOXES, ARTIFICIAL FLOWERS, &C. 

09 William-street, one door from Cedar, 

Robert T. Wilde, ) m v 

GiLBEUT S. Savage. ' NewYoek. 



214" 

J. A. & J. GILMOUR, 

UMBRELLA, PARASOL, SUN SHADE 

AND CANE MANUFACTURERS, 

No. 206 Greenwich-street, and 119 Chatham-street, 
New York. 

D£a.li:r9 in umbrella furniture, silks, ginghams, &c. 
Jobbers and country merchants supplied on the best terms. 



ISAAC SMITH & CO. 

Wholesale Manufacturers and Importers of 

UMBRELLAS, PARASOLS, AND SUN SHADES, 

No. 256 Pearl-street, New York, and 

28 Milk-street, Boston. 

Isaac Smith, 
Thomas D. Beadle. 



MESSINGER, BROTHERS, 
UMBRELLA WAREHOUSE, 

No. 6 Cedar-street, New York. 

UMBRELLAS AND PARASOLS BY THE PACKAGE OR DOZEN, 

Importers of Umbrella silks, Ginghams and Furniture 
for the supply of Manufacturers. 



215 

SAMUEL C. JOLLIE, 

WHOLESALE AND RETAIL 

PIANO FORTE AND MUSIC WAREHOUSE, 

MANUFCTURER OF 

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS, 
AND PUBLISHER OF MUSIC, 

No. 413 Broadway, cor. Lispenard-street, New York, 

WHERE MAY BE HAD AN ELEGANT ASSORTMENT OF 

MUSIC FOR THE PIANO FORTE, GUITAR, 

FLUTE, VIOLIN, &c. 

S. C. J. respectfully announces to his friends and the 
public, that he has always on hand a large assortment 
of superior Guitars, of his own manufacture, made from 
the models of the most approved Spanish makers ,v:\\h. 
plain and patent heads, which he offers at the lowest 
prices. Also, Flutes, with from one to eight keys, of 
superior tone and finish; Clarionets, Flageolets, Fifes, 
French and German Guitars, Violins, Violoncellos^ 
Accordeons, with extra keys, together with a large 
assortment of brass instruments. Bands supplied. A 
liberal discount to dealers. Strings for every instru- 
ment. Instruction bonks, Tuning Foi-ks, and Ham- 
mers, with everything appertaining to the above busi- 
ness. Music neatly bound. Cards neatly engraved 
and printed. 



216 
AGENCY FOR THE SALE OF 

BATES' 
PATENT SHOWER AND VAPOR BATHS, 

SMITH'S IMPROVED AND PATENT REFRIGERATORS, 



The utility and value of these celebrated Baths can 
be proved by Eleven Hundred Certificates, collected from 
Physicians and gentlemen of standing, who have the 
Baths in use. 

Both of the above articles took the Premium at the 
Annual Fair of the American Institute, and at Boston 
and Philadelphia. 

352 Broadway, (under the Carlton House.) 

All kinds of Bathing Tubs and apparatus, Hair Gloves 
and Belts on hand. Ice Houses built to order. Ships 
fitted to convey ice to any part of the world. 



IRON SAFE WAREHOUSE, 
139 Water street, |[^ NEW-YORK. 




SILAS C. HERRING, 

Dealer in all kinds of Iron Safes and Money Chests, 
and is the only person in this State authorized to manu* 
facture or sell 

Wilder's Genuine Patent Double and Single Sala- 
mander Safe. 
N. B. Second hand Safes of other makers, such as have been ta' 
ken in part payment for Wilder's, for sale at less than one half of 
first cost. % 



217 
JOHN F. GREENE, 

BROKER IN 

WOOL, OIL, DYERS ARTICLES 

AND 

GENERAL MERCHANDISE, 
No. 74 Pine street. 

GABRIEL W. COIT, 

No. 50 Ferry street, 
(near Pearl.) 

DEALER IN 

LEATHER, LASTS, SHOE TOOLS, TRIMMINGS 
AND SHOE FINDINGS. 



A. MAYOR, 

importer of 

SWISS WATCHES, 

75 WiLLSAM STREET. 



n 



218 

WILBUR'S 

DELAWARE AND HUDSON CANAL LINE, 

FOR 1846. 

Steam Boat NORWICH will leave Pier foot of 
FRANKLIN STREET, on Tuesdays and Fridays, at 

5 o'clock, P. M. 
Steam Boat NEW JERSEY will leave same Pier, 

on Wednesdays and Saturdays, at 5 o'clock, P. M. 

N.|B. — Merchandise taken only on the above days. 

Office of the Proprietor in N. York, at ELLSWORTH & 
Go's, 110 Murray street, opposite Denison, Belden, 
&Co. 

H. WILBUR. 



NEW TYPE FOUNDER Y, 

PRINTERS FURNISHING WAREHOUSE, 

No. 68 Ann street, N. Y. 

The Subscribers have opened a new Establish- 
ment, where they are prepared to furnish all 
kinds of Fancy and Job Type, Borders, Rules, 
Cases, Chases, Presses, and every thing that is 
necessary for a complete Printing Office. The 
Types are hand cast, and made of the best mate- 
rial from new Matrixes, and are from the most 
celebrated English Foundry. 

The prices are the same as at all the other 
Foundries ; a liberal discount for Cash, 

COCKROFT & OVEREND. 



219 

SCOTT LORD, 

ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, 

Mount Morhis, Livingston Co., N. Y. 



J. E. WEEDEN,' 
ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, 
I Randolph, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. 



JOSEPH D. HUSBANDS, 

ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, 

Rochester, N. Y. 



MANN & EDMONDS, 

ATTORNEYS, SOLICITORS & COUNSELLORS, 

Utica, N. Y. 



CHARLES F. MATTESON, 

ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, 

Fredonia, Chatauque Co., N, Y. 



220 

MATTESON & DOOLITTLE, 

ATTORNEYS & COUNSELLORS AT LAW, 

Utica, N, Y. 



JAMES C. CAMPBELL, 

ATTORNEY & COUNSELLOR AT LAW, 

Rochester, N. Y. 



PARKERS & PALMERS, 

ATTORNEYS & COUNSELLORS AT LAW, 

Delhi, Delaware Co., N. Y. 



JOHN Y. SAVAGE, 

WATCH MAKER, 

92 Fulton street, (between William and Gold. 



F. H. LOCKWOOD, 

WATCH MAKER AND JEWELLER, 

206 Broadway. 



221 

F. LS. MATHEZ, 

IMPORTER OF WATCHES, 

4 John street, (Up stairs.) 



L. E. RICE, 

IMPORTER OF WATCHES, 

23 Maiden Lane. 



W. & S. E. CLAPP, 

dealers in 

WATCHES, JEWELRY, AND FANCY G OODS, 

30 John street. 



CHARLES GAGNEBIN, 

IMPORTER OF WATCHES, 

66 Liberty street. 

Agent for Meyrat, Langel & Son, of St.lmier, Swit- 
zerland. 

19* 



222 

GOSSELIN & KIDDLE, 

CHRONOMETER, CLOCK, AND WATCH MAKERS, 

AND JEWELLERS, 

88 Fulton street, (between William and Gold.) 

P. P. GoSSELIN, 
F. KXDDLE. 

Watches and watchmovements of all kinds repaired 
and put up for Importers and Watchmakers at low 
prices. 



LUTZ BROTRHES, 

IMPORTERS OF WATCHES, 

1 22 Broadway, cor. of Cedar street. 

Louis Lutz, Locle Suisse, 
Augustus Lutz, New York. 

Manufacturers of Watches of every description. 



CRUMP, 

WATCH AND CLOCK MAKER, ' 

83 Bleecker street. 

Chronometers adjusted and rates ascertained. Chim- 
ney and Musical Clocks repaired. 



223 

OSCAR S. JENNINGS, 
WATCH MAKER AND JEWELLER, 

DEALER IN 

SILVER WARE, PLATED AND FANCY GOODS, 
94 Fulton street, 
(Between William and Gold.) 
Watches Repaired and Warranted. 



LOCKWOOD AND SCRIBNER, 

(At the old Establishment of the late Alfred Lockwood.) 

265 Pearl street, corner of Fulton, 

(Opposite the United States Hotel, 

Dealers in Gold and Silver Watches, Jewelry, Spec- 
tacles, Silver, Plated and Britannia Ware, Pencil Ca- 
ses, Mantel and other Clocks, Fancy Goods, &c., 
wholesale and retail. Watches, Clocks, Jewelry, and 
Music Boxes repaired. 



SEYMOUR HOYT, 

(Late firm of Whitney & Hoyt, 

dealer in 

WATCHES, CLOCKS, JEWELRY AND I 

SILVER WARE, 
266 Pearl street, (United States Hotel.) 

Lever movements constantly on hand and cased to 
order. 



2^4 
F. GERARDIN, ' 

FRENCH CHINA AND GLASSWARE, 

315 Broadway, (Up stairs > 



THE WHOLESALE ANB RETAIL WAREHOUSE FOR 

SHAKER ARTICLES, 
R. F. HIBBARD & Co.»' 
' 98 John street. 



EEMY LOREAUX, 

IMPORTER OF FRENCH BASKETS, 

197 Pearl street, cor. Maiden Lane, 

Has constantly on hand an extensive assortment at 
the lowest piices. 



PAUL POU & CO., 

DRUGGISTS, 

196 John street.' 



225 
DYE-WOODS, ACIDS, &c. 

SHEPPARD & MORGAN, 

47 Fulton-street, New York. 

Cash paid for damaged hides, indigo ceroons, 

and GLUE PIECES, of all kinds. 



SHEEHAN & DUGGAN, 

IMPORTERS OF FINE CUTLERY, 
No 6 Platt-street. 



D. M. PEYSER, 

IMPORTER OF 

GERMAN, ZEPHYR & TAPILSERIE WORSTED 

PATTERNS, CANVASS, CHENILLE, FLOSS, 

TWISTED SILKS, 

ALL KINDS OF FRINGE & GIMPS, CORDS & TASSELS 

and a great variety of French Fancy articles, 

58 John-street, and 363 Broadway, New York. 

Coutttry dealers and others supplied on reasonable terms 



226 

Philosophy of worms in the skin. — Many 
young persons — especially those of full habits, 
or who indulge in rich food — are very much 
annoyed by the appearance of black spots upon 
the side of the nose, on the upper lip, the chin, 
forehead, &c., resembling grains of gunpowder 
sticking in the skin. When the skin is roughly 
squeezed, a small worm-like substance protrudes, 
having a black head. The supposition, how- 
ever, that they ure in reality worms^ is erroneous. 
These spots are occasioned by an undue accu- 
mulation of the fatty matter which is separated 
from the blood for the purpose of lubricating the 
skin ; and this overplus chokes up the pores and 
concretes. The dust floating in the air adheres 
to this greasy substance, and causes the black 
speck. This gives the face a dirty and disgust- 
ing appearance — and the remedy of squeezing, 
so universally resorted to, is not only painful 
but frequently useless. Very often the over 
distension of the pores cause inflammation and 
painful pimples. The only certain remedy for 
this affection, is to wash the face with warm 
"water and GOURAUD'S Italian Medicated 
Soap ; which is also infallible in the removal of 
tan, freckles, sallowness, redness, pustules, ling- 
worms, salt-rheum, chaps, cracks, chafes, &c. 
— besides being delicious for shaving. GOU- 
RAUD'S PouDREs SuBTiLEs are warranted to 
eradicate superfluous human hair ; Gouraud's 
Grecian Hair Dye is the only preparation extant 
that will positively dye red, light or grey hair, 
a rich and unchangeable black. Gouraud's 



227 

Liquid Rouge is designed to impart to pallid 
cheeks the natural hue of the rose ! It is impor- 
tant that these articles should be purchased 
genuine; this can only be done by procuring 
them at DR. FELIX GOURAUD'S depot, 
67 Walker-street, first door from Broadway. 



MANUFACTURERS DEPOT 

FOR THE SALE OF 

KENT'S COMxMERCIAL WRITING 

PREPARED BY KENT & BLACK, 

No. 116 John-street, (near Pearl,) 

New York. 



C. EDW. HABICHT, 

SWEDISH AND NORWEGIAN 

ACTING CONSUL GENERAL, 
85 West-street. 



BURNAP & BABCOCK, 

COMMISSION PAPER WAREHOUSE, 

No. 115 Fulton- STREET. 



228 

NATHAN BROWN, 

PAPER HANGING, BORDER & BANDBOX 
MANUFACTURING WAREHOUSE. 

No. 65 CANAL-STRErT, near Broadway, 

NEW YORK. 

(^ The trade supplied as usual, on the best terms. 

Rooms Neatly Papered. 



PAPER WAREHOUSE, 

No. 9 Burling-Slip, New York. 

CYRUS W. FIELD, offers for Sale, at the 
lowest Manufacturers' prices, a very extensive 
assortment of paper, comprising every possible 
variety, adapted to the wants of consumers in all 
sections of the country. Paper of all kinds made 
to order at short notice. 

The Stock of printing paper is unusually large, 
a part of which is of very superior quality. 

Paper-makers' materials of every description, 
imported, and kept constantly on hand, viz. : 
Feltings, Wire Cloth, Fourdrinier Wires, Bleach- 
ing Powder, Blue Ultramarine, Twine, &c. &c. 

Rags, Canvass, Bale Rope, Grass Rope, Bag- 
ging, &c. &c. purchased, for which the highest 
price in Cash will be paid. 

JSTew Yorky March 18, 1846. 



229 
THOMAS VERNON, 

DEALER IN 

PAPER AND TWINE, 

OF ALL DESCRIPTIONS, 

No. 93 John-street, (between Cliff and Gold,) 



I 



JOHN FREDERICK KOVERMANN, 

No. 27 Frankfort-street, (between William dc Gold.) 

MANUFACTURER OF 

ENAMELLED, PEARL, IVORY, INDIA AND 
BLANK CARDS, ENAMELLED PAPER, &c. 



CHRISTY & CONSTANT, 

MANUFACTURERS AND IMPORTERS OP 

PAPER HANGINGS, 

No. Gl Maiden lane. New York, 

Four doors above William-street, ^ 

Where may be found Paper Hangings in all the varieties and 
styles, and of the best qualities. As C. & C. manufacture the article 
extensively, it enables them to ofler their goods on the most ad- 
vantageous terms. 

20 



230 
JOHNSb^/V^OOM &^ POWLER, 

IMANUFACTURERS Or THE 

WALNUT OIL MILITARY. SHAVING SOAP, ' 

FANCY AND FAMILY SGAP, PATENT CANDLfiS, 
PERFUMERY, COCQA, CHOCOLATE, &c., • 

AND ALSO IMPORTERS OF 

FOREIGN ESSENCES, PATIIS PERFUMERY, 

y Y ■-■ FANCY XABEL^,;,&cr.; '.:'., y^ T 

No. 3 COURTLANDT STREET, k. 79 TrINITY PlACE. 

Messers J. V. & F., invite the atteg^ion of Dealers 
to the above mentioned articles, araAjffiel satisfied that 
one purchase vi^ill secure a continuance of patronage. 



CAP MAKERS TRIMMINGS, 

,7Z/. :>;./ .■ . ./ '/'.-]■]):■: 
Cap Makers can be supplied vrith every arti- 
cle necessary in the Manufacture of Caps, such 
as Fronts, Straps, Braids, Gimps, Tips, Linings, 
Skivers, Buttons, Tassels, Japanned Silks and 
Muslins, 

, G. W. GORUM, . 

No. 173 Water street N. Y. 
Agent for J. & K. Ward's Patent Leather. 



2^1 

G. W. GORUM,-' ' ' 

AGENT FOR 

PRICE, BROTHER & CO, 

SUPERIOR NEWARK, N. J. 

COPAL VARNISHES, 

No. 173 Water street, N. Y. 

■ All Varnish Manufactured by P. B & Co., is 
warranted in every respect equal to the best. , 



J. & R. WARD'S, 

CELEBRATED PATENT LEATHER OF EVERY 
DESCRIPTION, 

Also, Top Enamelled Step. Lining and Har- 
ness Leather, Japanned Silk and Muslins, Cur- 
tain Cloth, Moleskin, and Oiled Silk. 

G. W. GORUM, AGENT, 

No. 173 Water street. 



J. W. SCHMIDT & VOGEL, 

CONSUL GENERAL'S OFFICE, 

FOR RUSSIA, SAXONY AND BADEN. 



232 

ROCHE, BROTHERS & CO.'S, 
FOR 1846, 



REMITTANCES TO, & PASSAGE TO & FROM 
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 

BY THE 

« BLACK BALL, OR OLD LINE LIVERPOOL 
PACKETS," 

JJ3^ Sailing from New York and Liverpool 
on the 1st and 16th of every month. 

AND EY 

FIRST CLASS AMERICAN SHIPS (Sailing Weekly.) 



G. W. GORUM, 

No. 173 Water street, 

NEW-YORK, 

Agent for the following 

MANUFACTURES, 

J. & R. Ward's Patent Leather. 

Price, Brother & Co., Newark, Copal Varnishes. 

Meeker's, Newark Umbrellas. 

Fussard's Ve2;etable Cork Lamp Black. 

Cap Makers Trimmins;s of every description, 

Japanned Muslins & Silk, Oiled 'Silk, &c. &c. 



233 

HALEY & SABIN, 

REFECTORY AND EATING HOUSE, 

No. 84 Nassau st, 
Nearly opposite the SuJ^^fRce 
{near cor., of Fulton street.) 



i 

[OUSE, 



WILLIAMS, BRADFORD & CO. 

DRY GOODS, 

No. 94 Pearl street. 



JOHN HANLEY, 

I HARP MAKER, 
Broadway, (corner of Lispenard street,) 

In the Store occupied by S. C. JoUie. 

HENRY SHEPHERD, 

Broker and General Agent for the Sale of 

REAL ESTATE. 
20* 



234 



Mm THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. 

A partnership may be either expressed or 
implied : that is, by a contract between the 
members of jM|firm, by which they create a 
joint interest^Kapital, or capital and services, 
or of sil?vices alone, and this is generally the 
case ; or it may be a legal inference, that is to 
say, the parties find themselves partners not 
unfrequently when they did not so intend ; their 
acts make them such, and subject them to all 
the legal obligations which obtain against regu- 
larly constituted firms. 

Obligation ofjjartners to each other. 

In case of a written contract as between the 
partners, they are each and all strictly bound by 
its conditions. Those conditions may be of any 
nature or kind supposable. One may agree to 
service ; another to the investment of capital ; 
and another to advise and counsel. And they 
may agree that the one shall have a small share 
of the profits or suffer a small share of the loss, 
or be subject to no loss whatever, and so on, and 
as between themselves they are bound to a strict 
compliance according to the expressed terms. 
The deed of partnership becomes, in other words, 
a chart which they are bound to follow : if one 
deviates therefrom, the other may treat the 
contract as at an end, and go at once to liqui- 
date the matters of joint interest and reduce 



THE LAW or PARTNERSHIP. 235 

them to individual property, in the proportion 
that each up to that time may have acquired, 
and in case of loss to pay ofT creditors and com- 
pel contributions in accordance with the terms, 
of agreement. 

What may constitute a sufficient cause for one 
member of a firm to compel the other or others 
to a dissolution is rather a question of fact than 
law : yet, the law will not compel a continu- 
ance when the manifest object and obvious intent 
of the parties to the firm are violated, and clearly 
so when there is a violation of express under- 
takings. It becomes a question of equity, and a 
court of equity in sound discretion, on applica- 
tion and cause shown, will step in to aid and 
settle and divide the joint property according as 
the justice of the case may turn out to be, by 
enjoining the partners to act or in any way to 
dispose of or control the partnership property, 
except by, and under the decree of the court. 
This court assumes for the purposes of equitable 
settlement and distribution the place of the par- 
ties themselves, and acts for them in all respects 
as it thinks they should in law and equity have 
conducted their business. It sells oft the stock 
in trade, collects dues, pays debts, and finally 
disposes of the balance to each partner as his 
separate specific property, and over which he 
can thereafter exercise his individual control. 
It will thus be seen that fraud or manifest bad 
faith of any kind would determine a contract of 
partnership as between the parties, but it must 
be also borne in mind that the court will not 



236 THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. 

sacrifice the interests of the other parties, it will 
not interfere if such interference will produce a 
greater loss or be a greater grievance that what 
it sought to relieve, and mere inconvenience or 
personal animosities will never constitute suffi- 
cient cause. 

The powers of, and rights of Partners. 

Each partner has the power to buy and sell, 
and to bind the firm to any extent, the act of one 
is the act of all, but it must be confined to 
the business which they ostensibl}'' follow ; for 
instance, if a firm were in the dry goods or iron 
deal, and one of them should contract for funds 
in the name of the firm, yet they would not be 
thereby bound unless it could be shown that 
they approved or acquiesced to the same, but he 
would only bind himself. The partners are joint 
tenants in the stock and effects of trade, during 
the continuance of the partnership, and each is 
said in law to be seized of his own and the ichole, 
or to drop the per mi et per tout ; more truly, 
by being the owner of a part he becomes the 
disposer at will of the whole. Again, each part- 
ner has a specific lien on the partnership stock, 
not only for his share, but for moneys advanced 
by him beyond that amount for the use of the 
copartnership ; when an account is taken, each 
is entitled to be allowed against the other every 
thing he has advanced or brought in, and to 
charge the other with what he has not brought 
in or has taken out more than he ought, and 



# 

THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. 237 

nothing is to be considered his share but his 
proportion of the residue on the balance of the 
account. The lien above named is not con- 
sidered as attaching to the stock merely, but to 
everything coming in, in its lieu, during the 
continuance of the partnership. 

Death of a Partner. 

In case of the death of a partner the partner- 
ship expires ; but in some cases when a partner- 
ship is entered into for a long term of years 
there is a clause in the deed empowering the 
representative of the deceased to carry on the 
trade for the benefit of his widovi^ and children ; 
in that case, a court of equity will aid in the at- 
tainment of the object. 

An Implied Partnership. 

When two or more persons enter into a trans- 
action by which they are subject to both loss and 
gain, when they take equally the hazard and 
can claim equally the gain, in proportion to their 
investment, services, or capital of any kind, 
they are in law partners, and as such will be 
holden in all obligations to those with whom 
they deal. This very often becomes a qu^Mtti 
and we have therefore stated the rnle distiridp. 

Individual Liability of Partners. 

Each partner is liable in his individual capaci- 



238 THE LAW OF PARTNERSHIP. 

ty for the debts of the firm. The creditor, how- 
ever, must first exhaust the partnership property, 
before he can resort to the indiv^idual. 

The partnership property is not liable for the 
individual debts of the members of the firm, but 
the judgment creditor of fa member of the firm 
may subject the partnership interest of his judg- 
ment debtor, and compel to a disclosure of, and 
severance of the same. ^ 

From a review of the cases it is apparent that 
the limitations and restrictions of partners may 
be carried to almost any extent, but such express 
limitations must be made known to the parties 
with whom the firm deal, else they are of no 
force except as between the partners them- 
selves. 

Dormant Partners. 

In the state of New York there is an express 
statute requiring certain steps to be taken, and 
by which a partner may limit his liability. He 
is obliged to publish the amount of liability 
which he assumes at the time of entering into 
the arrangement, &c., and will not then be held 
beyond such amount. But the general rule 
prevails in most of the states, which is, that the 
liability of the firm attaches not only in part but 
ij^^e whole to each partner, unless such part- 
Jmban show that the debt sought to be enforced 
was contracted with a special notice of his speci- 
fic limitations. In that case the creditor is 
bound equally with the other partners to respect 
such restrictions. There are an almost infinite 



THE LAW 01* PART^'ERSHIP. 239 

variety of questions which arise in the course 
of trade under partnersliips, and they assume 
every variety, and hence- the general standard 
alone can be always before the mind. Partners 
embark their interests together. The credit of 
one is the credit of all, and the credit of the firm 
is the credit of each individual of the firm ; so 
also each one is bound to make good that credit 
and all are bound to sustain the acts of one when 
it has been presumed by those with whom he 
dealt that they were crediting the firm. 



240 



& 



AND Solicitors and Counsellors in Chancery. 



L. & S. attend in person the City and State Courts 
"both of Law and Equity, give abstracts of Title for 
City, Brooklyn, and Williamsburg Real Estate, and 
draft title i)apers at short notice. Collections made to 
any part of the State at reasonable rates, 

La.w business in the States of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, 
Kentucky, Missouri, Tennessee, Mississippi, and 
Louisiana, and Land Titles in Texas, will be promptly 
and correctly attended to by one of the firm, (Mr. 
Loomis,) vy'ho has been in a large law practice in that 
part of the country for some years past. 

Advice and directions given as to the law of those 
States as correctly as though a local lawyer was con- 
sulted. 

Office 69 Nassau st., (southwest cor. of John.) 

J. V. LooMis, ) 
R. H. Shannon. 3 

Robert H. Shannon, Commissioner to take acknow- 
ledgments of .Deeds, &c., for the State of Maryland. 



PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 241 



PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 

Any written agreement not under seal where- 
by it appears that there is a promise to pay to 
bearer or order a specified amount, is a Promis- 
sory note. If A. makes a writing requesting or 
commanding C. to pay to his order the sum 
therein named, or to pay to the order of some 
other person named, it is a draft, such an instru- 
ment is frequently called a Bill of Exchange. 

The Promissory Note contains a promise to 
pay. The draft contains a request to pay, and 
this if followed out into all the relations that their 
different characters indicate, will make a great 
difference in the law as applicable to their use. 
■): For instance, the Promissory Note which is 
payable to bearer, is good against the payor in 
the hands of any one ; it is an obligation of the 
payor which the law presumes he intended to 
pay to whoever might present it ; if it is payable 
to order the name of the payee, if written on its 
back, is considered such order, and no one can 
sue on such paper unless the same is endorsed, 
and also such endorsement is the only way by 
which it can be assigned so as to vest the inter- 
est in the holder, and these endorsements, if made 
before it was due, bind each endorser to his and 
all subsequent endorsees. The same may be 
said of a bill of exchange or draft. This is the 
nature and character of commercial paper. But 
in case of a failure of the original payer, then the 
respective endorsees who have become liable 
21 



242 PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 

by such endorsements must be notified of such 
non-payment. 

And such notice must be made at once ; if 
otherwise the endorsees are exonerated. That 
is, always on the third day after the time ia 
which on its face it purports to be due. Thus 
it is requisite if a note is payable 90 days after 
date that 93 days after date, i. e., on the 93d day 
you notify the endorsers ; if the notice should be 
one day earlier or one day later it would be of 
no avail, because it must be done when the note 
in law is due, and not before or after. If the 
endorsers live in the same place where the note 
is payable, such notice must be by a personal ser- 
vice ; if they live a post from that place, proof of 
putting such notice in the Post Office properly di- 
rected is sufficient, and it is the same as it re- 
gards all negotiable paper, the doctrine of notice 
is very plain and the propriety of it most obvious, 
for the fact that the paper has passed through 
various hands, (is liable at least to do so,) implies 
also that at each endorsement, some consideration 
also passed, and if when due it is not paid, new 
measures will be required to get back the equi- 
valent of such consideration and for which the 
paper promise had up to this time been a sub- 
stitute. 

Immense losses annually occur by the faith, 
placed in negotiable paper ; great convenience, 
also is realised by its easy conversion from 
hand to hand. One note may make many pay- 
ments in this way, but if it turn out finally, that 
the note itself is unpaid, they are all to pay over 



PROMISSORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 243 

again. It is, in fact, no payment in law, but an 
evidence of an agreement to pay throughout. 

In case that any one prefers to be responsible 
only to the original payee, the instrument should 
be drawn payable to him in a peculiar way. 
That is avoid a note or draft ; take care that it 
is not payable to order or hearer for a note ass 
follows is not a negotiable note. 

Three months after date I promise to pay A. 
one hundred dollars. Signed B. 

This is nothing more than an account stated'; 
it is not an instrument within the meaning and 
intent of a note of hand ; if any other person sue 
on said agreement to pay, he must do so in the 
name of B. for his own use, subject to such set- 
ofis and defence as it may have against B. It is 
a chose in action and not assignable and no better 
than a book account, except that on proof of sig- 
nature in a suit by A. the debt is established, it 
is an acknowledgment that so much at its date 
was due from B. 

We might much enlarge this chapter with 
usefulness to the business man, but space forbids. 
It is not so much generally an actual ignorance 
of the law on the part of merchants, as a want 
of confirmation that what they suppose it to be 
is really true ; we are at a loss to know why 
every counting room does not contain the out- 
lines of the law, merchant insurance, &c., if 
for no other reason than the instruction of the 
junior members and clerks, those who are fitting 
and shortly to take the place of the more expe- 
rienced. Merchants there are, who can instruct 



244 PROMISORY NOTES OR NEGOTIABLE PAPER. 

common lawj^ers in these branches of jurispru- 
dence. And by a little attention to the books 
and decisions of our courts, they would be amply- 
able to counsel, not only themselves, but their 
neighbours. The day-book and ledger are not 
enough to make a merchant ; he must have in- 
formation on all those laws of trade and customs 
by which every mark of the pen is tried. Be- 
sides this he would be able to select his practical 
lawyers, in cases where he needed their services, 
•with discrimination. It is notorious, and we call 
on the intelligent members of the legal profession, 
to those who have seen suit after suit won or 
lost, and the same one won and lost several times 
over for confirmation of what we say, that it is 
not so much the law's blame as the ignorance of 
the law by those who pretend to have mastered 
it. How often do we hear the lawyer say to the 
merchant your case is perfectly clear ; no doubt 
of it at all ; before he has really heard the whole 
story. We should doubt even Daniel Webster, 
or Horace Binny, if they should be so didactic in 
a common case were we consulting them. The 
fact is, that the lawyer will not venture his opin- 
ion without weighing well the stated facts. He 
has the law at his tongue's end, it may be ; but 
what of that .? It is but the nine digits, and he 
knows that every combination of facts, like figures, 
will produce a different result, and he will cau- 
tiously weigh the matter before he pronounces. 
He makes and tries the case in his own mind, 
and that result is his answer, whether it is against 
or for his own, or client's interest and wishes. 



245 



EXTRACTS FROM THE ANNUAL REPORT OF THE 
CITY INSPECTOR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, 
FOR 1845. 



This is a very interesting and we think able 
public document ; disease and death are greatly- 
averted, no one doubts, in crowded cities, by ju- 
dicious sanatory measures. Such measures in 
New York are not carried to any great extent ; 
there can hardly be said to be a system, by 
which the general health of the city is regularly 
reported. The death room is alone reported. 
Our authorities (which means strictly the peo- 
ple,) have considered it enough to " be in at the 
death," without setting medical sentinels on 
guard, to prevent by proper and timely precau- 
tions the insidious and fatal enemy of man in his 
approaches. The noisome cellar, the noxious 
cispool, the pestilential vapors of impure rotting 
dock timbers, the garbage which the poor are 
from necessity obliged to throw into the streets 
to rot and decay, load the atmosphere with 
noxious gases. In short the report touches on 
many interesting points of cleanliness and health ; 
among other things it says : " Our grave yards 
and places of interment of the dead require some 
notice at my hands. In many, probably all of 
the grounds used for this purpose, it is wholly 
impossible to conform to the law requiring the 
corpse to be interred at least six feet below the 
surface ; this is in consequence of the same 
ground having been used for many years for the 
21* 



246 EXTRACTS. 

deposit of human remains, and layer upon layer 
of such remains have been made until it has 
become impossible in many instances to go half 
the depth required by law ; and in a porous and 
open soil like that of this Island, offensive and 
unwholesome exhalations will inevitably find 
their way through the ground to the surface, and 
thus vitiate the atmosphere — it has been my 
intention to give the subject of burying in large 
cities some considerable attention, but the short 
time which has transpired since my appoint- 
ment has not enabled me to pursue the matter 
as thoroughly as it was my intention to do. 
On this subject Professor Hosack,says :* — ' I do 
not consider it indispensably necessary either for 
the comfort or the health of the inhabitants that 
this custom should be altogether prohibited ; 
but I would recommend that interments should 
be exclusively confined to public and private 
vaults, and that no grave should be permitted 
under any circumstances ; for such is the loose 
texture of the soil in our grave yards where this 
mode of burial is practised, that as soon as the 
decomposition of the body has begun, the gasses 
which are extricated will find eo;ress and mix 
with the atmosphere, rendering it more or less 
offensive and impure, and consequently a me- 
dium of spreading contagious diseases that may 
be introduced within the sphere to which such 
impure air may extend. Another measure cal- 
culated to counteract offensiveness in vaults, and 
to absorb and decompose the impurities that they 

* Dr. Hosack's Medical Police. 



EXTRACTS. 247 

may contain, will be, to cover the floors with a 
stratum of lime several inches in depth, and to 
cover the walls with the same material.' 

^' The propriety of establishing free baths in 
our public squares has been advocated in many 
of the public papers and also in official docu- 
ments ; I conceive that the establishment of bath 
houses entirely free of charge for admission, 
would involve the necessity of leaving them 
without the proper and necessary care and super- 
intendence, and probably lead to evils greater 
than those experienced by the want of them ; I 
therefore submit to your honorable body, as an 
experiment, the propriety of erecting one or two 
public baths in convenient situations and placing 
them under the charge of competent persons, 
and a nominal price only asked for admission ; 
the expense need but be trifling for the erection 
of suitable buildings, the water would cost 
nothing, and perhaps the smallest coin known 
in our circulation (to wit, one cent) may afford 
sufficient revenue to pay for the proper superin- 
tendence and other necessary expenses of the 
establishment. 

Another very important subject, which I think 
should claim the immediate attention of the pub- 
lic authorities, is that of securing to the people 
good and wholesome meat. I am well aware 
that laws exist prohibiting the sale of meat in 
our markets and stalls after having become pu- 
trid or tainted, but the unwillingness of the peo- 
ple to purchase under such circumstances is of 
itself almost a sufficient protection. A greater 



248 EXTRACTS. 

evil, however, and one more to be dreaded, is 
the introduction in our city of cattle that are 
diseased, or have been attacked with diseases- 
vitiating their flesh ; an evil which cannot, when 
dressed and offered for sale, be detected by the 
buyer or most scrutinizing observer. It is a 
well established fact, that for many ages, and 
almost in every country, malignant and conta- 
2:ious diseases have been known to exist amons: 
cattle fatal to themselves and pernicious to man. 
These diseases have, with but few exceptions, 
never been regularly classed or treated of by 
writers, farther than to make mention of them 
as epidemics, or as pecuniary losses sustained 
by the husbandmen. In the " Encyclopedia of 
Practical Medicine," however, is to be found 
an accurate description of several of these dis- 
eases, and of one particularly of more recent 
date which prevailed among the cattle in Ger- 
many, known by the name of MUzhrand. 
Christison, in his valuable work on Prisons, 
makes mention of it, and describes it, (see Chris- 
tison) as a constitutional and epidemic malady 
which prevails sometimes among cattle on the 
continent to an alarming extent, and is charac- 
terized by the eruption of large gangrenous car- 
buncles on various parts of the body. This dis- 
temper has the property of rendering the solids 
and fluids poisonous to so great a degree that not 
only persons who handle the skin, entrails, 
blood, or other parts, but even also those who 
eat the flesh are apt to suffer severely. 

The affection thus produced in man is some- 



EXTRACTS. 249 

times ordinary inflammation of the alimentary- 
canal or cholera, and commonly proves a disorder 
precisely the same as the Pustule MalignCy but 
most frequently of all, an eruption of one or more 
large carbuncles resembling those of the original 
disease ot the cattle. It is often fatal. The 
carbuncular form has been known to produce 
death in forty-eight hours. I have selected this 
disease from many others described, from the cir- 
cumstance of its resemblance to one peculiar to 
our own country, which is very malignant and 
very fatal. This disease has upwards of a cen- 
tury existed among the cattle in the Western 
sections of the United States, and is known by 
the name of the ^' Milk Sickness,^'' the cause of 
which has not yet been ascertained. It prevails 
in certain districts of country, and affects alike 
beef cattle, horses, sheep, &c. It has been call- 
ed by some the " Falling Sickness " as it fre- 
quently manifests itself by the animal falling on 
the road ; from which fact it will appear that 
excitement or exercise hastens the developement 
of the poison. The purchaser, in making up his 
drove for the supply of our markets, avails him- 
self of this circumstance as an additional test of 
their soundness. According to Dr. Graff, a dis- 
tinguished Physician, residing in the neighbour- 
hood of these infected districts, whole families 
have been swept off at once who have partaken 
of the flesh of beef contaminated with this poison. 
He further states that the entire inhabitants of 
villages have in consequence of the frequency of 
death among them, been obliged to abstain from 



250 EXTRACTS. 

animal food altogether, or abandon their homes 
and locate elsewhere. Cheese or butter made 
from cattle affected with this disease are known 
to be very pernicious, and when taken to any 
extent frequently prove fatal. He cites several 
instances where the fact became known to him 
of deaths occurring in Chilicothe, Louisville, and 
St. Louis, from eating cheese, butter and beef, 
coming from the infected regions. 

In accounting for the large bill of Mortality 
for the past year, two circumstances must be 
taken into consideration ; the principal of which, 
is the excessive heat of the last summer ; during 
the latter part of the month of June, all of July 
and August, the weather was excessively hot, 
and during that period it is, that the greatest 
mortality occured ; the increase was chiefly in 
the congestive diseases, Apoplexy, &c., and the 
sudden debilitating effects of the heat upon the 
nervous system of adults, with but a slight in- 
crease of intestinal disturbance ; while among 
children, large numbers were swept off* by com- 
plaints of the stomach and bowels, such as Cho- 
lera Infantum, Diarrhoea, &c. Consumption has 
increased 253 since 1844 ; Cholera Infantum has 
been more fatal to infants than any other single 
cause, exceeding the deaths b}'- Hydrocephalus 
81 — notwithstanding many of the returns of 
death from this latter cause, were adults ; Scar- 
let Fever has decreased 162 ; Delirium Tremens 
shows a slight increase, and Intemperance a small 
decrease ; it is more than probable that the num- 
ber reported from these causes falls short of the 



EXTRACTS. 251 

actual number, and are ascribed to other causes, 
such as affections of the brain, liver and lungs ; J 
with the exception of Consumption, Cholera In- 
fantum, Small Pox, and Scarlet Fever, (which 
has decreased,) the various diseases bear about 
the usual proportion to each other." 

" Consumption. There is no doubt that the 
number of deaths ascribed to this complaint is 
greatly exaggerated, and that it is often used as 
a term of convenience ; frequently as a cloak for 
ignorance of the true cause ; and thus this com- 
mon disease is made the scape-goat for many 
others, swelling the list of this dreaded malady, 
and placing undeserved odium upon our City. 
The proportion of deaths reported as Consump- 
tion to the whole number, is about 1 in 6f ; de- 
ducting the still-born and premature births, and 
the deaths from Casualties, &c. ; from the whole 
number, the proportion of deaths to the number 
of living, according to the census of 1845, is as 
one in 38jV^." 

" Small Pox commenced to be so formidable 
that it was considered epidemic in the month of 
March, continuing to spread from the above- 
mentioned time ; the Resident Physician, A. F. 
Vache, M. D., promptly called the attention of 
the Board of Health to the subject, who wisely 
provided means to arrest, as far as practicable, 
the progress of this loathsome and fatal malady, 
making provision for the appointment of Vaccine 
Phvsicians in each of thejVVards, for the purifyhig 
of liie tenements where it existed, and removing 
as far as possible, persons labouring under the 



252 EXTRACTS. 

disease, &c. There is little doubt that these 
measures were instrumental in checking its vio- 
lence and extension, but not in wholly eradicating 
the disease. It has been suggested to me, that 
the employment of a permanent Vaccine Physi- 
cian in each of the wards, for the benefit of the 
poor, would be of great value to the City, and 
tend to impress more strongly upon the minds of 
our citizens of all classes, the importance of vac- 
cination and re-vaccination as the best and only 
means of protection ; and when we consider that 
we are seldom, if ever, entirely free from the 
pestilence, the suggestion appears to be entitled 
to favourable consideration. The whole number 
of deaths trom this disease during the year is 
four hundred and twenty-five." 

" The whole number of deaths reported to 
this Office during the year ending the 31st of 
December, 1845, is 10,983, being an increase 
over the year 1844 of 2,028, and the largest 
number ever reported since a record of deaths 
has been kept in this City ; of these, however, 
132 died in other places, and were brought to 
this City, either for interment here, or to be 
passed throui^h the City to be interred in some 
other place, for which latter purpose, a certificate 
of the corpse removed has to be filed in this of- 
fice, and permission obtained for their transporta- 
tion out of the City. The actual number of 
deaths within the City and County is 10,051 — 
the whole number of interments is 9,564 — the 
number of removals from the City for interments 
is 1,419. 



i 



t 



CONTENTS 



Chap. 


Page. 


1. 


25. 


2. 


29. 


3. 


33. 


4. 


37. 


5. 


40. 


6. 


41. 


7. 


45.' 


8. 


47. 


9. 


115. 


10. 


125. 


11. 


129. 


12. 


153. 


13. 


157. 


14. 


160. 


15. 


162. 


16. 


164. 


17. 


234. 


18. 


241. 


19. 


245. 



Brief View of the United States, Texas 
and Oregon. 

Judicial Policy of United States. 

Commerce of United States. 

Present and Prospective Tariff. 

Comparative view of the Navies of the 
World. 

Number and Circulation of Banks in 
United States. 

Rail Roads in United States. 

Routes and Thoroughfares. 

Laws, &c., of Collection. 

Important Commercial Points. 

Education in the United States. 

Eligibility of Important Roads. 

Convenient Rules of Computation. 

New- York Canal Tolls for 1846. 

Trade of New Orleans, &c. 

Express Lines from New- York. 

Law of Partnership. 

Law of Negociable Paper. 

Extracts from City Inspector's Re- 
port, 



1 



1 



C 31 i 



«CV 21 1904 



I 













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